J. Biosci. Agric. Res. | Volume 32, Issue 02, 2697-2705 | https://doi.org/10.18801/jbar.320224.324
Article type: Research article | Received: 14.04.2024; Revised: 25.06.2024; First published online: 14 August 2024.
Article type: Research article | Received: 14.04.2024; Revised: 25.06.2024; First published online: 14 August 2024.
Seasonal incidence and management of major insect pests infesting maize and its correlation with weather factors
Md. Jewel Alam 1, Md. Mostofa Faysal 2, Md. Tauhid Hossain 3, M M Abdur Razzaque 4 and Tasnia Thanim Mathin 5
1 Dept. of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
2 Dept. of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
3 Dept. of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
4 Dept. of Agricultural Extension, Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh.
5 Dept. of Agricultural Finance and Management, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected] (Alam MJ).
1 Dept. of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
2 Dept. of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
3 Dept. of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
4 Dept. of Agricultural Extension, Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh.
5 Dept. of Agricultural Finance and Management, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected] (Alam MJ).
Abstract
In terms of food and feed value, maize (Zea mays) has become the most significant cereal crop in Bangladesh after rice. The research was carried out to study the seasonal incidence of aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), stem borer (Sesamia inferens), and corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and their correlation with the weather factors during 2022-2023 at the Entomology Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Three replications of this experiment were carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Three-unit plots were used for the study of insect-pests incidence. In the case of pest management, three botanicals, namely leaf extract of neem (3.ml/L) & bishkathali (3.ml/L) and clove extract of garlic (3.ml/L), were used as an experimental treatment for controlling the tested pests. The seasonal incidence studies indicated that three insect pests, viz., maize aphid, stem borer, and corn borer were observed as the major insect pests on maize. All pests had a negative correlation with temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. But considering the plant infestation and damage severity, the maize aphid was the major insect of maize, which caused about 81.34 percent of plant infestation. Among tested botanicals, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L showed the best performance for controlling all tested pests and returned a higher yield compared to garlic clove and bishkathali leaf extract. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the findings of this study may aid the implementation of appropriate pest control measures by identifying the vulnerable stages of these pests, minimizing the frequent application of toxic pesticides, and providing opportunities to grow in a less hazardous environment. Moreover, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L is the best botanical to control the tested pest and return a higher yield.
Key Words: Maize, Insect pests, Incidence, Weather factors and Pest Management
In terms of food and feed value, maize (Zea mays) has become the most significant cereal crop in Bangladesh after rice. The research was carried out to study the seasonal incidence of aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), stem borer (Sesamia inferens), and corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and their correlation with the weather factors during 2022-2023 at the Entomology Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Three replications of this experiment were carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Three-unit plots were used for the study of insect-pests incidence. In the case of pest management, three botanicals, namely leaf extract of neem (3.ml/L) & bishkathali (3.ml/L) and clove extract of garlic (3.ml/L), were used as an experimental treatment for controlling the tested pests. The seasonal incidence studies indicated that three insect pests, viz., maize aphid, stem borer, and corn borer were observed as the major insect pests on maize. All pests had a negative correlation with temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. But considering the plant infestation and damage severity, the maize aphid was the major insect of maize, which caused about 81.34 percent of plant infestation. Among tested botanicals, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L showed the best performance for controlling all tested pests and returned a higher yield compared to garlic clove and bishkathali leaf extract. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the findings of this study may aid the implementation of appropriate pest control measures by identifying the vulnerable stages of these pests, minimizing the frequent application of toxic pesticides, and providing opportunities to grow in a less hazardous environment. Moreover, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L is the best botanical to control the tested pest and return a higher yield.
Key Words: Maize, Insect pests, Incidence, Weather factors and Pest Management
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I. Introduction
In terms of food and feed value, maize (Zea mays) has risen as Bangladesh's second-most important cereal crop after rice (Alam et al., 2020a, b, & c). It belongs to the grass family. It also has another name, Corn in English, or Bhutta in Bengali. The nation's annual need is rising daily because of the expanding industries producing fish and poultry feed (Alam et al., 2022a & c). Several insect pests infest the maize plant. This infestation is growing by the day due to constant cultivation. Among them, the maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch, stem borer (Sesamia inferens) and corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) are the most sucking and bore insect pests of maize in Bangladesh and are considered major pests. The maize aphid is an insect that is polyphagous (Alam et al., 2020d, e & f). It can attack more than 182 plant species and create a hamper to plants. It affected all parts of plant. It also serves as a vector for several viruses (Alam et al., 2014; 2019 and Abid et al., 2007). On the contrary, a stem bore creates a bore into the stem and causes damage to the plant. That’s why plants become broken by this pest. However, corn borer is another serious pest that causes bore into the cob and creates damage to the cob. That’s why the quality of cob deteriorated by this pest (Alam et al., 2022 a, b & c; Ahad et al., 2008; Harjit and Deol, 2010; Kakde and Patel, 2014 and Khan, 2018)
Due to the wide range of agroclimatic conditions in different regions, pests exhibit varied patterns in their distribution, occurrence, kind, and degree of crop damage. In addition, several known and unknown factors might also play a significant influence in establishing the prevalence and domination of a specific pest or pest complex. Knowing the peak period of pest infestations may allow pest management measures to be performed more efficiently, reducing the use of highly toxic chemical chemicals in the field. With the aforementioned considerations in mind, the current study sets out to investigate the seasonal incidence of major maize insect pests and their relationship to several weather parameters, such as rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity.
II. Materials and Methods
Site of field experiment
The study was carried out at the Entomology Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, from 2022 to 2023, to investigate the seasonal incidence of major maize insect pests as impacted by weather parameters and their relationships. The experiment location is situated at latitude 24.750 N and longitude 90.500 E, which is 18 meters above mean sea level on average. The Old Brahmaputra Floodplain in the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ)-09 included the soil used for this experiment (Alam et al., 2022a)
Experimental layout and treatments
The current experiment utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The study used the BARI Hybrid Butta-9 (Zea mays) cultivar, which Bangladeshi farmers widely use. Seeds of the examined variety were sown on November 1, 2022. The plot was 4m x 2.5m with a 30 cm spacing between plants and 60 cm between rows raised in the main field for 2022–2023. The two plots were separated by 70cm. The number of rows in each plot for each replication was 4, while the total number of plants was 48. To grow the crop well, all recommended agronomic packages of techniques were applied without pesticides. Three-unit plots were used for the study of insect-pests incidence. In the case of pest management, three botanicals, namely leaf extract of neem & bishkathali and clove extract of garlic, were used as an experimental treatment for controlling the tested pests. About 15 plots were used for pest management. However, 18 plots are used in all studies.
Observation recorded
Aphids, stem borer, and corn borer incidences were observed and counted in the mornings at intervals of three days. Three plants per plot were chosen to count the pests. After that, pests were counted in this selected plant from three leaves, stems, or corn, where the upper, middle, and lower positions of this stem, leaf, or corn were considered for better results. The weather-related data, viz., temperature (maximum & minimum in °C), relative humidity (maximum & minimum in %), and total rainfall (mm) during the period of experiment were collected from the Department of Irrigation and Water Management, BAU, Mymensingh. The percentage of damaged plants that were caused by the studied insect pest was determined using the following formula (Alam et al., 2020a, b, c & f; 2022a, b & c):
Damage plant (%) =(Number of damage plants caused by studied insect pests)/(Total number of plants )×100
On the contrary, for pest control, data were collected from five randomly selected maize plants from each treated plot. After the cob had matured adequately, yield and yield attribute data were recorded based on percent infested plant, cob length without husk (cm), 100-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t/ha). The percentage of infested plants was calculated using the following formula (Alam et al., 2020a, b, c & f; 2022b):
Infestation of plant (%)=(Number of infested plants )/(Total number of plants )×100
Statistical analysis
The impact of weather factors on the incidence of the aphid, stem borer and corn borer, as well as the correlation between them was calculated using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to record, tabulate, process, and combine all experimental data in preparation for statistical analysis. To establish the treatment effect, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using R statistical software version 3.5.3, and mean differences were calculated using Duncan's Multiple Range (DMRT) Test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). All graphs were created using Microsoft Excel Worksheet 2010.
III. Results and Discussion
Incidence assessment of major insect pests of maize as influenced by weather factors
Periodical observations on the incidence of maize aphids revealed that the nymph/adult aphid appeared in the first week of December (50th week of SMW). Initially, the percentage of plant infestation by maize aphids was 5.26 percent. The highest percent plant infestation (86.45 percent) was noticed during the first week of February (5th week of SMW) with the seasonal mean of 44.86 percent plant infestation, where temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were also observed as 18.120C, 72.0%, and 0.00mm, respectively. Interestingly, it was observed that the percent infestation caused by the incidence of aphids increased gradually with a gradual decrease in weather factors namely temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. After attaining peak during the 1st week (5th week of SMW) of February 2023, plant infestation dwindles during the 3rd week of February 2023 (7th week of SMW), where the plant became unfit for rearing of aphids. After that, the percent plant infestation gradually decreased reaching 20.65 percent during the 4th week of March (12th week of SMW) onwards. The percentage of plant infestation was recorded in the range of 5.26 to 86.45 percent from December to March (Table 01). This result of the present study agrees with the observation of Abid et al., 2007; Ahad et al., 2008; Sahito et al., 2012; Biradar, 2010 and Biradar et al., 2011. They said the 1st appearance at the 1st week of December (10.23 percent). Furthermore, Ding et al. (2012) reported the first appearance in 40 DAS. Ahad et al. (2008) reported the first appearance at 1st week of December. In addition, this plant infestation increased day by day and reached the highest level of 86.45 percent in the 1st week of February (5th week of SMW) with the seasonal mean of 44.86 percent plant infestation, where temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were also observed as 18.120C, 72.0%, and 0.00mm, respectively. Thereafter, it gradually decreased reaching 20.65 percent during the 4th week of March (20th week of SMW) onwards (Abid et al., 2007).
On the contrary, the maximum activity of maize aphid was recorded during the 1st week of February (5th week of SMW). The percent plant infestation caused by maize aphid showed a moderate significantly negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.624*), relative humidity (r=-0.500*), and a low significantly negative correlation with rainfall (r=-0.170*) (Table 02). Thus, it indicates that temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall greatly influence the development of pests (Ahad et al., 2008). The findings of current studies are in line with the findings of Harjit and Deol (2010) who observed a significantly negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.632*), relative humidity (r=-523*) and rainfall (r=-0.21*).
As regards stem borer, the periodical observations revealed that the maximum percent plant infestation (8.25 percent) was noticed during the 2nd week of January (2nd week of SMW) with the seasonal mean of 1.44 percent plant infestation, where temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall was also observed as 17.110C, 71.10%, and 0.00mm, respectively. But initially, it appeared in the 3rd week of December (52nd week of SMW) and they infested the plant by 0.86 percent. After that, the percentage of the plant infestation gradually decreased reaching 0.23 percent during 2nd week of February (6th week of SMW) onwards, which means this pest decreased with increased weather parameters. However, the percentage of plant infestation was recorded in the range of 0.23 to 8.25 percent from December to February (Table 01). Present findings are supported by the findings of Choudhary and Shrivastava (2007). They reported that the incidence of larvae of stem borer first appeared in the 4th week of December (53rd week of SMW) and highest appearance in the 2nd week of January (2nd week of SMW). Similar types of results were found by Dharmasena (2010) and Ahad et al. (2008).
From Table 01, it was explored that the maximum activity of stem borer was recorded during the 2nd week of January (2nd week of SMW). The percent plant infestation caused by stem borer exhibited a moderate significantly negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.723*) and a negative correlation with relative humidity (r=-0.174) and rainfall (r=-0.263) (Table 02). The present findings of negative correlation between temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall with infestation are in line with the reports of Abid et al. (2007) and Dharmasena (2010) who reported that the minimum temperature favored the development of stem borer in maize crop.
The minimum percentage of corn-infested plants (0.10%) was recorded in 4th week of January 2023 (4th week of SMW), which also exhibited a similar trend in population rise pattern like stem borer and after attaining the maximum peak (9.14 percent) during 4th week of February (8th week of SMW) with the seasonal mean of 1.30 percent plant infestation, where temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall was also observed as 22.480C, 72.0% and 0.00mm, respectively. Afterwards, the percentage of infestation went down. After that, the percent plant infestation gradually decreased reaching 2.17 percent during the 2nd week of March (10th week of SMW). The percent of plant infestation was recorded in the range of 0.10 to 9.14 percent during the last week of January to 2nd week of March (Table 01). The present results agree with Nyukuri et al. (2014) who first observed the incidence in 80 DAS (0.14 percent). However, Kakde and Patel (2014) reported the first appeared in 24 DAS (0.16 percent) and Khan (2018) reported first observed in 20 DAS (0.22 percent). Similar results were also found by Patra et al. (2013) and Ahad et al. (2008) where peak pest infestation (12.42 percent) on maize during the last week of February.
Table 01. Seasonal abundances of insect pests of maize growth period at weekly intervals during Rabi season, 2022-2023
Besides, the maximum activity of corn borer was recorded during the 4th week of February (8th week of SMW). The percent plant infestation caused by corn borer showed a negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.108) and rainfall (r=-0.053) and a low significantly negative correlation with relative humidity (r=-0.453*) (Table 02). Earlier various researchers have revealed similar results as a negative correlation of percentage plant infestation with temperature (r=-114), relative humidity (r=-0.487), and rainfall (-0.068) supported by Khan (2018) and Biradar (2010).
Table 02. Correlation co-efficient (r) among major insect pests of maize against weather parameters during Rabi season, 2022-2023
Damage assessment of plant
In the case of plant infestation, the dominant and infestation-causing species in experimental areas were maize aphids (81.34 percent), followed by corn borer (10.64 percent) and stem borer (8.42 percent) (Figure 01). Sahito et al. (2012), Nyukuri et al. (2014) and Biradar et al. (2011) worked on this matter. They collected 8 species of Hemiptera and 10 species of Lepidoptera associated with maize plants in India. They also reported that the most important Hemiptera were maize aphids and Lepidoptera were stem borer, corn borer, cutworm and fall armyworm. However, Patra et al. (2013) reported maize aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), as the most important pest of maize crop in India. Furthermore, Alam et al. (2020a, b & c) also reported that maize aphid is the most economically important and serious pest in northern parts of Bangladesh. It may be similar environmental conditions between Bangladesh and India.
Figure 01. Damage assessment of maize crop caused by the mean percent infestation of different insect pest at the Entomology Field Laboratory during Rabi season, 2022-2023
Bio-efficacy of some botanicals for management of different insect-pests of maize under field conditions during the period of 2022-2023
Data presented in Table 03 indicated that a significantly lower percentage of plant infestation (12.5%) caused by aphids was seen in neem leaf extract and the highest percentage of plant infestation (35.48%) occurred in bishkathali leaf extract than others. A significantly higher percentage of plant infestation (40.49%) caused by stem borer was registered in bishkathali leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L and was on par with garlic clove extract @ 3.0ml/L (31.69%) whereas the lower percentage of the plant infestation (22.56%) was found in the plot with the application of neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L compared to another tested botanical (Table 03). In the case of corn borer, the mean percent plant infestation varied from 27.43 to 42.46%. Among the tested botanicals, neem leaf extract was superior by recording significantly less percent plant infestation (27.43%) and significantly higher percent plant infestation was observed in bishkathali leaf extract (Table 03). The same results were observed by Rajagopal and Channabasavanna (1975) and Alam et al. (2014; 2019; 2020a, b, c, d, e, f; 2022; 2024a, b & c).
Table 03. Bio-efficacy of some botanicals for management of different insect-pest of maize
Yield and yield attributes
Data Presented in Table 04 explore yield obtained in different botanicals. A significantly higher length of cob without husk (17.42cm) was found in neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L followed by garlic clove extract @ 3.0ml/L (15.42 cm) while bishkathali leaf extract @3.0ml/L produced the minimum length of cob (11.69 cm) among all tested botanicals. As regards 100 grain weight, the least weight of grain (24.69 g) came from bishkathali leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L whereas neem leaf extract @3.0ml/L generated the maximum weight of cob (31.25 g) than all tested botanicals. In the case of yield, all tested botanicals had significantly different yields. The highest yield (8.12 t/ha) was observed in the plot sprayed with neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L, followed by garlic clove extract @ 3.0ml/L (6.05 t/ha). However, bishkathali leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L showed the lowest yield (5.64 t/ha) compared to other tested botanicals (Table 04). The influence of different botanicals on various yield traits is well documented by Choudhary and Shrivastava (2007), which supports the present finding of this study. Sahito et al. (2012) found similar results from their experiment against different insect-pests on maize. Khan (2018) reported that the neem leaf extract @ 3.5ml/L gave satisfactory control against these maize pests and returned a higher yield, supported by many researchers (Harjit and Deol, 2010).
Table 04. Yield and yield traits of maize sprayed with different botanicals against aphid
In the case of the percentage of maize yield over control, 50.49, 28.72 and 33.55% of grain was protected from different insect-pests infestation when maize plants were treated with neem leaf extract, bishkathali leaf extract and garlic clove extract, respectively. Among the botanicals, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L showed the highest percent increase of grain (50.49%) over control while the least percent increase of grain (27.72%) was found in the plot sprayed with bishkathali leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L (Figure 02). Patra et al. (2013), Dharmasena (2010) and Ding et al. (2012) found from their experiment that neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L produced a higher yield over control than bishkathali, garlic, pithraj, mahogany leaf extract and lemon extract which is supported by the finding of the present study.
Figure 02. Increase (%) of maize yield by different botanicals over control
IV. Conclusion
The seasonal incidence studies indicated that three insect pests, viz., maize aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), stem borer (Sesamia inferens), and corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) were observed as the major insect pests on maize. All pests negatively correlated with temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. However, considering the plant infestation and damage severity, the maize aphid was the major insect of maize, which caused about 81.34 percent of plant infestation. Among tested botanicals, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L showed the best performance for controlling all tested pests and returned a higher yield compared to garlic clove and bishkathali leaf extract. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the findings of this study may aid the implementation of appropriate pest control measures by identifying the vulnerable stages of these pests, minimizing the frequent application of toxic pesticides, and providing opportunities to grow in a less hazardous environment. Moreover, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L is the best botanical to control the tested pest and return a higher yield.
In terms of food and feed value, maize (Zea mays) has risen as Bangladesh's second-most important cereal crop after rice (Alam et al., 2020a, b, & c). It belongs to the grass family. It also has another name, Corn in English, or Bhutta in Bengali. The nation's annual need is rising daily because of the expanding industries producing fish and poultry feed (Alam et al., 2022a & c). Several insect pests infest the maize plant. This infestation is growing by the day due to constant cultivation. Among them, the maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch, stem borer (Sesamia inferens) and corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) are the most sucking and bore insect pests of maize in Bangladesh and are considered major pests. The maize aphid is an insect that is polyphagous (Alam et al., 2020d, e & f). It can attack more than 182 plant species and create a hamper to plants. It affected all parts of plant. It also serves as a vector for several viruses (Alam et al., 2014; 2019 and Abid et al., 2007). On the contrary, a stem bore creates a bore into the stem and causes damage to the plant. That’s why plants become broken by this pest. However, corn borer is another serious pest that causes bore into the cob and creates damage to the cob. That’s why the quality of cob deteriorated by this pest (Alam et al., 2022 a, b & c; Ahad et al., 2008; Harjit and Deol, 2010; Kakde and Patel, 2014 and Khan, 2018)
Due to the wide range of agroclimatic conditions in different regions, pests exhibit varied patterns in their distribution, occurrence, kind, and degree of crop damage. In addition, several known and unknown factors might also play a significant influence in establishing the prevalence and domination of a specific pest or pest complex. Knowing the peak period of pest infestations may allow pest management measures to be performed more efficiently, reducing the use of highly toxic chemical chemicals in the field. With the aforementioned considerations in mind, the current study sets out to investigate the seasonal incidence of major maize insect pests and their relationship to several weather parameters, such as rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity.
II. Materials and Methods
Site of field experiment
The study was carried out at the Entomology Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, from 2022 to 2023, to investigate the seasonal incidence of major maize insect pests as impacted by weather parameters and their relationships. The experiment location is situated at latitude 24.750 N and longitude 90.500 E, which is 18 meters above mean sea level on average. The Old Brahmaputra Floodplain in the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ)-09 included the soil used for this experiment (Alam et al., 2022a)
Experimental layout and treatments
The current experiment utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The study used the BARI Hybrid Butta-9 (Zea mays) cultivar, which Bangladeshi farmers widely use. Seeds of the examined variety were sown on November 1, 2022. The plot was 4m x 2.5m with a 30 cm spacing between plants and 60 cm between rows raised in the main field for 2022–2023. The two plots were separated by 70cm. The number of rows in each plot for each replication was 4, while the total number of plants was 48. To grow the crop well, all recommended agronomic packages of techniques were applied without pesticides. Three-unit plots were used for the study of insect-pests incidence. In the case of pest management, three botanicals, namely leaf extract of neem & bishkathali and clove extract of garlic, were used as an experimental treatment for controlling the tested pests. About 15 plots were used for pest management. However, 18 plots are used in all studies.
Observation recorded
Aphids, stem borer, and corn borer incidences were observed and counted in the mornings at intervals of three days. Three plants per plot were chosen to count the pests. After that, pests were counted in this selected plant from three leaves, stems, or corn, where the upper, middle, and lower positions of this stem, leaf, or corn were considered for better results. The weather-related data, viz., temperature (maximum & minimum in °C), relative humidity (maximum & minimum in %), and total rainfall (mm) during the period of experiment were collected from the Department of Irrigation and Water Management, BAU, Mymensingh. The percentage of damaged plants that were caused by the studied insect pest was determined using the following formula (Alam et al., 2020a, b, c & f; 2022a, b & c):
Damage plant (%) =(Number of damage plants caused by studied insect pests)/(Total number of plants )×100
On the contrary, for pest control, data were collected from five randomly selected maize plants from each treated plot. After the cob had matured adequately, yield and yield attribute data were recorded based on percent infested plant, cob length without husk (cm), 100-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t/ha). The percentage of infested plants was calculated using the following formula (Alam et al., 2020a, b, c & f; 2022b):
Infestation of plant (%)=(Number of infested plants )/(Total number of plants )×100
Statistical analysis
The impact of weather factors on the incidence of the aphid, stem borer and corn borer, as well as the correlation between them was calculated using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to record, tabulate, process, and combine all experimental data in preparation for statistical analysis. To establish the treatment effect, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using R statistical software version 3.5.3, and mean differences were calculated using Duncan's Multiple Range (DMRT) Test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). All graphs were created using Microsoft Excel Worksheet 2010.
III. Results and Discussion
Incidence assessment of major insect pests of maize as influenced by weather factors
Periodical observations on the incidence of maize aphids revealed that the nymph/adult aphid appeared in the first week of December (50th week of SMW). Initially, the percentage of plant infestation by maize aphids was 5.26 percent. The highest percent plant infestation (86.45 percent) was noticed during the first week of February (5th week of SMW) with the seasonal mean of 44.86 percent plant infestation, where temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were also observed as 18.120C, 72.0%, and 0.00mm, respectively. Interestingly, it was observed that the percent infestation caused by the incidence of aphids increased gradually with a gradual decrease in weather factors namely temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. After attaining peak during the 1st week (5th week of SMW) of February 2023, plant infestation dwindles during the 3rd week of February 2023 (7th week of SMW), where the plant became unfit for rearing of aphids. After that, the percent plant infestation gradually decreased reaching 20.65 percent during the 4th week of March (12th week of SMW) onwards. The percentage of plant infestation was recorded in the range of 5.26 to 86.45 percent from December to March (Table 01). This result of the present study agrees with the observation of Abid et al., 2007; Ahad et al., 2008; Sahito et al., 2012; Biradar, 2010 and Biradar et al., 2011. They said the 1st appearance at the 1st week of December (10.23 percent). Furthermore, Ding et al. (2012) reported the first appearance in 40 DAS. Ahad et al. (2008) reported the first appearance at 1st week of December. In addition, this plant infestation increased day by day and reached the highest level of 86.45 percent in the 1st week of February (5th week of SMW) with the seasonal mean of 44.86 percent plant infestation, where temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were also observed as 18.120C, 72.0%, and 0.00mm, respectively. Thereafter, it gradually decreased reaching 20.65 percent during the 4th week of March (20th week of SMW) onwards (Abid et al., 2007).
On the contrary, the maximum activity of maize aphid was recorded during the 1st week of February (5th week of SMW). The percent plant infestation caused by maize aphid showed a moderate significantly negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.624*), relative humidity (r=-0.500*), and a low significantly negative correlation with rainfall (r=-0.170*) (Table 02). Thus, it indicates that temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall greatly influence the development of pests (Ahad et al., 2008). The findings of current studies are in line with the findings of Harjit and Deol (2010) who observed a significantly negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.632*), relative humidity (r=-523*) and rainfall (r=-0.21*).
As regards stem borer, the periodical observations revealed that the maximum percent plant infestation (8.25 percent) was noticed during the 2nd week of January (2nd week of SMW) with the seasonal mean of 1.44 percent plant infestation, where temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall was also observed as 17.110C, 71.10%, and 0.00mm, respectively. But initially, it appeared in the 3rd week of December (52nd week of SMW) and they infested the plant by 0.86 percent. After that, the percentage of the plant infestation gradually decreased reaching 0.23 percent during 2nd week of February (6th week of SMW) onwards, which means this pest decreased with increased weather parameters. However, the percentage of plant infestation was recorded in the range of 0.23 to 8.25 percent from December to February (Table 01). Present findings are supported by the findings of Choudhary and Shrivastava (2007). They reported that the incidence of larvae of stem borer first appeared in the 4th week of December (53rd week of SMW) and highest appearance in the 2nd week of January (2nd week of SMW). Similar types of results were found by Dharmasena (2010) and Ahad et al. (2008).
From Table 01, it was explored that the maximum activity of stem borer was recorded during the 2nd week of January (2nd week of SMW). The percent plant infestation caused by stem borer exhibited a moderate significantly negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.723*) and a negative correlation with relative humidity (r=-0.174) and rainfall (r=-0.263) (Table 02). The present findings of negative correlation between temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall with infestation are in line with the reports of Abid et al. (2007) and Dharmasena (2010) who reported that the minimum temperature favored the development of stem borer in maize crop.
The minimum percentage of corn-infested plants (0.10%) was recorded in 4th week of January 2023 (4th week of SMW), which also exhibited a similar trend in population rise pattern like stem borer and after attaining the maximum peak (9.14 percent) during 4th week of February (8th week of SMW) with the seasonal mean of 1.30 percent plant infestation, where temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall was also observed as 22.480C, 72.0% and 0.00mm, respectively. Afterwards, the percentage of infestation went down. After that, the percent plant infestation gradually decreased reaching 2.17 percent during the 2nd week of March (10th week of SMW). The percent of plant infestation was recorded in the range of 0.10 to 9.14 percent during the last week of January to 2nd week of March (Table 01). The present results agree with Nyukuri et al. (2014) who first observed the incidence in 80 DAS (0.14 percent). However, Kakde and Patel (2014) reported the first appeared in 24 DAS (0.16 percent) and Khan (2018) reported first observed in 20 DAS (0.22 percent). Similar results were also found by Patra et al. (2013) and Ahad et al. (2008) where peak pest infestation (12.42 percent) on maize during the last week of February.
Table 01. Seasonal abundances of insect pests of maize growth period at weekly intervals during Rabi season, 2022-2023
Besides, the maximum activity of corn borer was recorded during the 4th week of February (8th week of SMW). The percent plant infestation caused by corn borer showed a negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.108) and rainfall (r=-0.053) and a low significantly negative correlation with relative humidity (r=-0.453*) (Table 02). Earlier various researchers have revealed similar results as a negative correlation of percentage plant infestation with temperature (r=-114), relative humidity (r=-0.487), and rainfall (-0.068) supported by Khan (2018) and Biradar (2010).
Table 02. Correlation co-efficient (r) among major insect pests of maize against weather parameters during Rabi season, 2022-2023
Damage assessment of plant
In the case of plant infestation, the dominant and infestation-causing species in experimental areas were maize aphids (81.34 percent), followed by corn borer (10.64 percent) and stem borer (8.42 percent) (Figure 01). Sahito et al. (2012), Nyukuri et al. (2014) and Biradar et al. (2011) worked on this matter. They collected 8 species of Hemiptera and 10 species of Lepidoptera associated with maize plants in India. They also reported that the most important Hemiptera were maize aphids and Lepidoptera were stem borer, corn borer, cutworm and fall armyworm. However, Patra et al. (2013) reported maize aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), as the most important pest of maize crop in India. Furthermore, Alam et al. (2020a, b & c) also reported that maize aphid is the most economically important and serious pest in northern parts of Bangladesh. It may be similar environmental conditions between Bangladesh and India.
Figure 01. Damage assessment of maize crop caused by the mean percent infestation of different insect pest at the Entomology Field Laboratory during Rabi season, 2022-2023
Bio-efficacy of some botanicals for management of different insect-pests of maize under field conditions during the period of 2022-2023
Data presented in Table 03 indicated that a significantly lower percentage of plant infestation (12.5%) caused by aphids was seen in neem leaf extract and the highest percentage of plant infestation (35.48%) occurred in bishkathali leaf extract than others. A significantly higher percentage of plant infestation (40.49%) caused by stem borer was registered in bishkathali leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L and was on par with garlic clove extract @ 3.0ml/L (31.69%) whereas the lower percentage of the plant infestation (22.56%) was found in the plot with the application of neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L compared to another tested botanical (Table 03). In the case of corn borer, the mean percent plant infestation varied from 27.43 to 42.46%. Among the tested botanicals, neem leaf extract was superior by recording significantly less percent plant infestation (27.43%) and significantly higher percent plant infestation was observed in bishkathali leaf extract (Table 03). The same results were observed by Rajagopal and Channabasavanna (1975) and Alam et al. (2014; 2019; 2020a, b, c, d, e, f; 2022; 2024a, b & c).
Table 03. Bio-efficacy of some botanicals for management of different insect-pest of maize
Yield and yield attributes
Data Presented in Table 04 explore yield obtained in different botanicals. A significantly higher length of cob without husk (17.42cm) was found in neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L followed by garlic clove extract @ 3.0ml/L (15.42 cm) while bishkathali leaf extract @3.0ml/L produced the minimum length of cob (11.69 cm) among all tested botanicals. As regards 100 grain weight, the least weight of grain (24.69 g) came from bishkathali leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L whereas neem leaf extract @3.0ml/L generated the maximum weight of cob (31.25 g) than all tested botanicals. In the case of yield, all tested botanicals had significantly different yields. The highest yield (8.12 t/ha) was observed in the plot sprayed with neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L, followed by garlic clove extract @ 3.0ml/L (6.05 t/ha). However, bishkathali leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L showed the lowest yield (5.64 t/ha) compared to other tested botanicals (Table 04). The influence of different botanicals on various yield traits is well documented by Choudhary and Shrivastava (2007), which supports the present finding of this study. Sahito et al. (2012) found similar results from their experiment against different insect-pests on maize. Khan (2018) reported that the neem leaf extract @ 3.5ml/L gave satisfactory control against these maize pests and returned a higher yield, supported by many researchers (Harjit and Deol, 2010).
Table 04. Yield and yield traits of maize sprayed with different botanicals against aphid
In the case of the percentage of maize yield over control, 50.49, 28.72 and 33.55% of grain was protected from different insect-pests infestation when maize plants were treated with neem leaf extract, bishkathali leaf extract and garlic clove extract, respectively. Among the botanicals, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L showed the highest percent increase of grain (50.49%) over control while the least percent increase of grain (27.72%) was found in the plot sprayed with bishkathali leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L (Figure 02). Patra et al. (2013), Dharmasena (2010) and Ding et al. (2012) found from their experiment that neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L produced a higher yield over control than bishkathali, garlic, pithraj, mahogany leaf extract and lemon extract which is supported by the finding of the present study.
Figure 02. Increase (%) of maize yield by different botanicals over control
IV. Conclusion
The seasonal incidence studies indicated that three insect pests, viz., maize aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), stem borer (Sesamia inferens), and corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) were observed as the major insect pests on maize. All pests negatively correlated with temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. However, considering the plant infestation and damage severity, the maize aphid was the major insect of maize, which caused about 81.34 percent of plant infestation. Among tested botanicals, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L showed the best performance for controlling all tested pests and returned a higher yield compared to garlic clove and bishkathali leaf extract. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the findings of this study may aid the implementation of appropriate pest control measures by identifying the vulnerable stages of these pests, minimizing the frequent application of toxic pesticides, and providing opportunities to grow in a less hazardous environment. Moreover, neem leaf extract @ 3.0ml/L is the best botanical to control the tested pest and return a higher yield.
Article Citations:
MLA
Alam et al. “Incidence assessment of major insect pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies.” Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research 33(02) (2024): 2697-2705.
APA
Alam, M. J., Faysal, M. M., Hossain, M. T., Razzaque, M. M. A. and Mathin, T. T. (2024). Incidence assessment of major insect-pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 33(02), 2697-2705.
Chicago
Alam, M. J., Faysal, M. M., Hossain, M. T., Razzaque, M. M. A. and Mathin, T. T. “Incidence assessment of major insect-pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 33(02) (2024): 2697-2705.
Harvard
Alam, M. J., Faysal, M. M., Hossain, M. T., Razzaque, M. M. A. and Mathin, T. T. 2024. Incidence assessment of major insect-pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 33(02), pp. 2697-2705.
Vancouver
Alam, MJ, Faysal MM, Hossain, MT, Razzaque, MMA and Mathin, TT. Incidence assessment of major insect-pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 2024 August 33(02): 2697-2705.
Alam et al. “Incidence assessment of major insect pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies.” Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research 33(02) (2024): 2697-2705.
APA
Alam, M. J., Faysal, M. M., Hossain, M. T., Razzaque, M. M. A. and Mathin, T. T. (2024). Incidence assessment of major insect-pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 33(02), 2697-2705.
Chicago
Alam, M. J., Faysal, M. M., Hossain, M. T., Razzaque, M. M. A. and Mathin, T. T. “Incidence assessment of major insect-pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 33(02) (2024): 2697-2705.
Harvard
Alam, M. J., Faysal, M. M., Hossain, M. T., Razzaque, M. M. A. and Mathin, T. T. 2024. Incidence assessment of major insect-pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 33(02), pp. 2697-2705.
Vancouver
Alam, MJ, Faysal MM, Hossain, MT, Razzaque, MMA and Mathin, TT. Incidence assessment of major insect-pests of maize as influenced by weather factors in Bangladesh and their relationship strategies. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 2024 August 33(02): 2697-2705.
References:
[1]. Abid, M. I. N., Amanullah, K. S. U., Khattak, A., Abdus, S. A. (2007). Studies on maize aphid, R. maidis, stem borer, Sesamia inferens and cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon in Peshawar valley. Insect Environment, 9, 45-46.
[2]. Ahad, I., Bhagat, R. M., Ahmad, H., Monobrullah, M. (2008). Population dynamics of maize aphid, R. maidis, maize stem borer, Sesamia inferens and cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon in upper Himalayas of Jammu Region. Journal of BioScience, 16, 137-138. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3758
[3]. Alam M. J., Abdur Razzaque, M. M. A., Paul, D. K., Rahaman, S., Faysal, M. M. (2024a). Field assessment of yield performance of maize and okra intercropping in Bangladesh. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 8(1), 28-31.
[4]. Alam M. J., Chowdhury, M. A. H., Nahar, Q., Rashid, M. H., Ahmed, K. S. (2020a). Comparative efficacy of some insecticides against maize aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) and its influence on natural enemies in maize ecosystem. Tropical Agrobiodiversity, 1(2), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.26480/trab.02.2020.95.101
[5]. Alam M. J., Faysal, M. M., Paul, D. K., Razzaque, M. M. A., Tareq, M. Z. (2024b). Correlation and path analysis estimation for plant characters of maize influenced by weeding and nitrogen practices through suppressing aphid infestation. Tropical Agrobiodiversity, 5(1), 19-25.
[6]. Alam M. J., Mukta, L. N., Nahar, N., Haque, M. S., Razib, S. M. H. (2020b). Management practices of aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) in infested maize field. Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Science, 38, 23-28.
[7]. Alam M. J., Tamim, M. A., Habiba, U., Paul, D. K., Razzaque, M. M. A. (2024c). Growth and yield attributes of maize as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and seed rates through suppressing aphid infestation. Sustainability in Food and Agriculture, 5(2), 59-63.
[8]. Alam M. J., Uddin, M. A., Nahar, M. K., Ali, M. Y., Ahmed, K. S. (2020c). Enhancement of maize productivity through using improved techniques of spacing. Journal of Experimental Bioscience, 11(2), 27-34.
[9]. Alam, M. J., Ahmed, K. S., Hoque, M., Mansura, A., Rony, M. N. H., Haque, M. S. (2019). Bio-efficacy of some bio-pesticides against maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis; a threatening pest of maize. Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics, 08(01), 563-573. https://doi.org/10.18801/jstei.080119.58
[10]. Alam, M. J., Ahmed, K. S., Mollah, M. R. A. (2014). Survey of insect pests of maize crop and their identification in Shibganj upazilla under Bogra district. Bangladesh Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 18 (1& 2), 73-77.
[11]. Alam, M. J., Ahmed, K. S., Nahar, M. K., Akter, S., Uddin, M. A. (2020d). Effect of different sowing dates on the performance of maize. Journal of Krishi Vigyan, 8 (2), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00015.X
[12]. Alam, M. J., Dey, R., Ahmed, K. S. (2020e). Field efficacy of some new generation insecticides against maize aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) and its effect on yield. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University, 18 (3), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.5455/JBAU.14970
[13]. Alam, M. J., Hasan, I. M., Kazi Md. Abu Sayeed, K. M. A. (2022). Abundance, damage severity of major insect pests of chilli and their sustainable management through IPM based modules. Sustainability in Food and Agriculture, (3(1), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.26480/sfna.01.2022.19.23
[14]. Alam, M. J., Nahar, M. K., Khatun, M. K., Rashid, M. H., Ahmed, K. S. (2020f). Impact assessment of different sowing dates on maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis infestation in Bangladesh. Sustainability in Food and Agriculture, 1(2), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.26480/sfna.02.2020.99.105
[15]. Biradar, B. S., Kotikal, Y. K., Balikai, R. A. (2011). Seasonal incidence of insect pests and their natural enemies on maize. International Journal of Plant Protection, 4(2), 402-405.
[16]. Biradar, S. R. (2010). Seasonal incidence and management of insect pests in maize. European Journal of Zoological Research, 2(4), 98-102.
[17]. Choudhary, A. K., Shrivastava, S. K. (2007). Incidence of stem borer, Sesamia inferens in Sugarcane as internode borer in Sugarcane at Hoshangabad, India. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(2), 320-321.
[18]. Dharmasena, C. M. D. (2010). Temporal distribution of maize stem borer, Sesamia inferens in relation to weather factors. Tropical Agriculture, 151, 160-169.
[19]. Ding, W., Wang, J. J., Zhao, Z., Chen, G. (2012). Dynamics of quantitative fluctuation and spatial distribution of the populations of aphids in spring maize fields. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University, 24, 13-16.
[20]. Gomez, K. A., Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2nd Edition). An International Rice Research Institute Book. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. Pp. 680.
[21]. Harjit, K., Deol, G. S. (2010). Population builds up and comparative biology of corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis on wheat and barley. Journal of Insect Science, 12, 41-45.
[22]. Kakde, A. M., Patel, K. G. (2014). Seasonal incidence of corn borer in relation to conventional and sri-methods of planting and its correlation with weather parameters. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 7(6), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-07620510
[23]. Khan, M. M. H. (2018). Abundance, damage severity and management of corn borer. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 16(2), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i2.40260
[24]. Nyukuri, R. W., Kirui, S. C., Cheramgo, E., Chirchir, E., Mwale, R. (2014). Damage of stem borer species to Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor and three refugia graminae. African Journal of Food Science and Technology, 5(20), 37-45.
[25]. Patra, S., Rahman, Z., Bhumita, P., Saikia, K., Thakur, N. S. (2013). Study on pest complex and crop damage in maize in medium altitude hill of Meghalaya. The Bioscan, 8(3), 825-828.
[26]. Rajagopal, D., Channabasavanna, G. P. (1975). Insect pest of maize in Karnataka. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 9, 110-121.
[27]. Sahito, H. A., Abro, G. A., Talpur, M. A., Mal, B., Dhiloo, K. H. (2012). Population fluctuation of insect pests and predators in maize, Zea mays. Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(11), 466-473.
[2]. Ahad, I., Bhagat, R. M., Ahmad, H., Monobrullah, M. (2008). Population dynamics of maize aphid, R. maidis, maize stem borer, Sesamia inferens and cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon in upper Himalayas of Jammu Region. Journal of BioScience, 16, 137-138. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3758
[3]. Alam M. J., Abdur Razzaque, M. M. A., Paul, D. K., Rahaman, S., Faysal, M. M. (2024a). Field assessment of yield performance of maize and okra intercropping in Bangladesh. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 8(1), 28-31.
[4]. Alam M. J., Chowdhury, M. A. H., Nahar, Q., Rashid, M. H., Ahmed, K. S. (2020a). Comparative efficacy of some insecticides against maize aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) and its influence on natural enemies in maize ecosystem. Tropical Agrobiodiversity, 1(2), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.26480/trab.02.2020.95.101
[5]. Alam M. J., Faysal, M. M., Paul, D. K., Razzaque, M. M. A., Tareq, M. Z. (2024b). Correlation and path analysis estimation for plant characters of maize influenced by weeding and nitrogen practices through suppressing aphid infestation. Tropical Agrobiodiversity, 5(1), 19-25.
[6]. Alam M. J., Mukta, L. N., Nahar, N., Haque, M. S., Razib, S. M. H. (2020b). Management practices of aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) in infested maize field. Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Science, 38, 23-28.
[7]. Alam M. J., Tamim, M. A., Habiba, U., Paul, D. K., Razzaque, M. M. A. (2024c). Growth and yield attributes of maize as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and seed rates through suppressing aphid infestation. Sustainability in Food and Agriculture, 5(2), 59-63.
[8]. Alam M. J., Uddin, M. A., Nahar, M. K., Ali, M. Y., Ahmed, K. S. (2020c). Enhancement of maize productivity through using improved techniques of spacing. Journal of Experimental Bioscience, 11(2), 27-34.
[9]. Alam, M. J., Ahmed, K. S., Hoque, M., Mansura, A., Rony, M. N. H., Haque, M. S. (2019). Bio-efficacy of some bio-pesticides against maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis; a threatening pest of maize. Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics, 08(01), 563-573. https://doi.org/10.18801/jstei.080119.58
[10]. Alam, M. J., Ahmed, K. S., Mollah, M. R. A. (2014). Survey of insect pests of maize crop and their identification in Shibganj upazilla under Bogra district. Bangladesh Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 18 (1& 2), 73-77.
[11]. Alam, M. J., Ahmed, K. S., Nahar, M. K., Akter, S., Uddin, M. A. (2020d). Effect of different sowing dates on the performance of maize. Journal of Krishi Vigyan, 8 (2), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00015.X
[12]. Alam, M. J., Dey, R., Ahmed, K. S. (2020e). Field efficacy of some new generation insecticides against maize aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) and its effect on yield. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University, 18 (3), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.5455/JBAU.14970
[13]. Alam, M. J., Hasan, I. M., Kazi Md. Abu Sayeed, K. M. A. (2022). Abundance, damage severity of major insect pests of chilli and their sustainable management through IPM based modules. Sustainability in Food and Agriculture, (3(1), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.26480/sfna.01.2022.19.23
[14]. Alam, M. J., Nahar, M. K., Khatun, M. K., Rashid, M. H., Ahmed, K. S. (2020f). Impact assessment of different sowing dates on maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis infestation in Bangladesh. Sustainability in Food and Agriculture, 1(2), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.26480/sfna.02.2020.99.105
[15]. Biradar, B. S., Kotikal, Y. K., Balikai, R. A. (2011). Seasonal incidence of insect pests and their natural enemies on maize. International Journal of Plant Protection, 4(2), 402-405.
[16]. Biradar, S. R. (2010). Seasonal incidence and management of insect pests in maize. European Journal of Zoological Research, 2(4), 98-102.
[17]. Choudhary, A. K., Shrivastava, S. K. (2007). Incidence of stem borer, Sesamia inferens in Sugarcane as internode borer in Sugarcane at Hoshangabad, India. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(2), 320-321.
[18]. Dharmasena, C. M. D. (2010). Temporal distribution of maize stem borer, Sesamia inferens in relation to weather factors. Tropical Agriculture, 151, 160-169.
[19]. Ding, W., Wang, J. J., Zhao, Z., Chen, G. (2012). Dynamics of quantitative fluctuation and spatial distribution of the populations of aphids in spring maize fields. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University, 24, 13-16.
[20]. Gomez, K. A., Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2nd Edition). An International Rice Research Institute Book. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. Pp. 680.
[21]. Harjit, K., Deol, G. S. (2010). Population builds up and comparative biology of corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis on wheat and barley. Journal of Insect Science, 12, 41-45.
[22]. Kakde, A. M., Patel, K. G. (2014). Seasonal incidence of corn borer in relation to conventional and sri-methods of planting and its correlation with weather parameters. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 7(6), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-07620510
[23]. Khan, M. M. H. (2018). Abundance, damage severity and management of corn borer. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 16(2), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i2.40260
[24]. Nyukuri, R. W., Kirui, S. C., Cheramgo, E., Chirchir, E., Mwale, R. (2014). Damage of stem borer species to Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor and three refugia graminae. African Journal of Food Science and Technology, 5(20), 37-45.
[25]. Patra, S., Rahman, Z., Bhumita, P., Saikia, K., Thakur, N. S. (2013). Study on pest complex and crop damage in maize in medium altitude hill of Meghalaya. The Bioscan, 8(3), 825-828.
[26]. Rajagopal, D., Channabasavanna, G. P. (1975). Insect pest of maize in Karnataka. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 9, 110-121.
[27]. Sahito, H. A., Abro, G. A., Talpur, M. A., Mal, B., Dhiloo, K. H. (2012). Population fluctuation of insect pests and predators in maize, Zea mays. Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(11), 466-473.
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