International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives
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Interna. J. Multidisp. Perspectives | Volume 04, Issue 01, 82-86 | https://doi.org/10.18801/ijmp.040123.13
Article type: Research article, Received: 25.10.22; Revised: 15.02.23; First published online: 31 March, 2023.
Article type: Research article, Received: 25.10.22; Revised: 15.02.23; First published online: 31 March, 2023.
Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera
Farjana Simi and Md. Jamal Hossain
Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN), Regional Station, Barishal, Bangladesh.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected] (Simi F).
Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN), Regional Station, Barishal, Bangladesh.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected] (Simi F).
Abstract
This study examined the effects of various amounts of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the leaf and plant features as well as the yield of aloe vera at the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN), Barishal. There were 14 different treatments viz., T1=100% control, T2=50% cowdung + 50% chemical fertilizer, T3=100% vermicompost, T4=100% cowdung, T5=50% sawdust+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T6=100% cocodust, T7= 50% compost+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T8= 100% poultry litre, T9= 50% vermicompost + 50% chemical fertilizer, T10= 100% sawdus, T11= 50% poultry litre+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T12= 50% cocodust+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T13= 100% compost, T14= 100% chemical fertilizer. With the application of the T5 treatment (50 % sawdust+ 50 % chemical fertilizer), it was found that the plant generated the highest mature leaf length, leaf breadth, fresh leaf weight, leaf yield per plant and gel yield per plant. The number of suckers was also discovered to be highest with T13 treatment above 100% control, among other plant characteristics. Several fertilizer treatments considerably impacted the rate at which leaves grew, with the early phases of each treatment showing the most significant impact. It was discovered that T9 had less impact than T5 (50% sawdust+ 50% chemical fertilizer) on the Aloe vera plant's characteristics.
Key Words: Aloe vera, fertilizer, Organic, Inorganic and leaf growth.
This study examined the effects of various amounts of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the leaf and plant features as well as the yield of aloe vera at the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN), Barishal. There were 14 different treatments viz., T1=100% control, T2=50% cowdung + 50% chemical fertilizer, T3=100% vermicompost, T4=100% cowdung, T5=50% sawdust+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T6=100% cocodust, T7= 50% compost+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T8= 100% poultry litre, T9= 50% vermicompost + 50% chemical fertilizer, T10= 100% sawdus, T11= 50% poultry litre+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T12= 50% cocodust+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T13= 100% compost, T14= 100% chemical fertilizer. With the application of the T5 treatment (50 % sawdust+ 50 % chemical fertilizer), it was found that the plant generated the highest mature leaf length, leaf breadth, fresh leaf weight, leaf yield per plant and gel yield per plant. The number of suckers was also discovered to be highest with T13 treatment above 100% control, among other plant characteristics. Several fertilizer treatments considerably impacted the rate at which leaves grew, with the early phases of each treatment showing the most significant impact. It was discovered that T9 had less impact than T5 (50% sawdust+ 50% chemical fertilizer) on the Aloe vera plant's characteristics.
Key Words: Aloe vera, fertilizer, Organic, Inorganic and leaf growth.
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I. Introduction
Aloe vera consists of at least 600 known species (Okamura et al., 1996) and is a valuable medicinal plant used for centuries to treat various ailments. The plant has numerous health benefits, attributed to biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, phenolic compounds and vitamins (Barandozi et al., 2011). However, to achieve high yields and quality of Aloe vera, it is essential to provide optimal conditions for plant growth and development, which can be achieved through the application of fertilizers (Capasso et al., 1998).
Organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers are commonly used in agriculture to enhance plant growth and development. Organic fertilizers such as compost, vermicompost and animal manure are considered a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers, as they are rich in essential nutrients and improve soil fertility and structure. On the other hand, Inorganic fertilizers provide a quick release of nutrients and are easy to apply (Van Dijk et al., 2022), but their excessive use can lead to soil degradation and environmental pollution.
Several studies have investigated the effect of organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers on the growth and yield of Aloe vera (Bellitürk and Aslam, 2021). However, there is a need for more research to determine the optimal fertilizer source and application rate for Aloe vera production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers on the growth and yield of Aloe vera. The results of this study can provide useful information for farmers and growers who are interested in optimizing Aloe vera production using sustainable fertilization practices.
II. Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in BIRTAN Regional Station, Barishal from 2019 to 2021. The climate of this area is subtropical. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam, with a pH of 7.5.
The experiment was laid out by randomized complete block design with three replication comprising 14 treatments viz. T1= 100% control, T2= 50% cowdung + 50% chemical fertilizer,T3= 100% vermicompost, T4= 100% cowdung, T5= 50% sawdust+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T6=100% cocodust, T7= 50% compost+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T8= 100% poultry litre, T9=50% vermicompost + 50% chemical fertilizer, T10= 100% sawdus, T11= 50% poultry litre+50% chemical fertilizer, T12= 50% cocodust+50% chemical fertilizer, T13=100% compost, T14=100% chemical fertilizer.
The plots used in the experiment were 3 m in length and 1 m in breadth. Seedlings of around eight weeks were collected from different local nurseries. Organic fertilizer, as well as decomposed cowdung, vermicompost, compost, cocodust, saw dust, poultry litre, were used in this experiment as per treatment. Chemical fertilizer as urea- 500 gm (3 split top dressing 25 days interval), TSP-300gm, MOP - 200 gm (50% Basal+1% Top dressing), Zn-50 gm, Gypsum-250 gm and fertilizer combination (Cowdung + Chemical fertilizer, Vermicompost + Chemical fertilizer, Compost + Chemical fertilizer, Poultry litre + Chemical fertilizer, Cocodust + Chemical fertilizer, Saw dust + Chemical fertilizer were used as treatment. The plots were irrigated whenever necessary.
Final data were recorded at harvest (60 DAP) to measure plant characters. Flexible taps and a scale were used to measure the leaf. The weighing was done by digital balance (Kaifeng Group Co., Ltd., China). The data were analyzed following the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique and mean separations were adjusted by the Multiple Comparison tests (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) using the statistical computer programme MSTAT-C v.1.2 (MSTAT-C, 1990). Means were compared by using an LSD test at 5% level of significance.
III. Results and Discussion
Table 01 displays the results of the leaf and plant characteristics of Aloe vera plants at harvest (60 days after transplanting) under different treatments. The treatments include various types of organic and inorganic fertilizers such as cow dung, vermicompost, sawdust, compost, chemical fertilizers, poultry litter and cocodust. The results indicate that the plant height varied significantly among treatments, with the highest value of 39.67 cm observed in T5 (50% sawdust + 50% chemical fertilizer) and the lowest value of 25 cm in T6 (100% cocodust). The number of leaves per plant ranged from 4.67 to 6.67, with T5 again having the highest value and T9 (50% vermicompost + 50% chemical fertilizer) having the lowest value. In this experiment application of 50% vermicompost + 50% chemical fertilizer as recommended doses did not show superior results to fertilizer application which was supported by Barandozi et al. (2011), Hasanuzzaman et al. (2008) and Saha et al. (2005). This trend of increased production due to increased fertilizer application was also observed in leaf length, leaf breadth, total weight/plant, leaf yield/plant and leaf area.
Fresh leaf weight per plant varied significantly among treatments, with the highest value of 413.89 g observed in T5 and the lowest value of 287.54 g in T1 (100% control). Similarly, leaf length, breadth and area also varied significantly among treatments, with the highest values observed in T5 and the lowest values observed in T1. The highest length of leaves was observed in the treatment where 50% sawdust+ 50% chemical fertilizer was applied. The growth rate in length decreased with the decrease in sawdust. The lowest growth rate was observed in the control treatment, where no fertilizer was applied. This dose of fertilizer improved the A. vera plant growth by providing the essential nutrient, resulting in the maximum cell growth and turgidity that influenced the leaf growth. Pichgram (1987) also observed similar results in A. vera.
Table 01. Different morphological characteristics of Aloe vera at final harvest stage (60 DAP) with different treatment conditions (find in the pdf)
Table 02 presents data on yield and yield contributing characters of Aloe vera at the final harvest stage (60 DAS) as well as soil moisture and plant mortality percentage of an experimental field under different treatment conditions. The leaf yield per plant ranges from 346.33 g (in T1) to 564.67 g (in T5), with significant differences among the treatments. Similarly, the gel yield per plant varies from 170.16 g (in T1) to 298.67 g (in T5), with significant differences among the treatments. The study of Moorthy and Malliga (2012) observed significant improvement in growth, yield and gel quality of Aloe spp by applying biofertilizers. The application of nutrient matter increased the cell division and elongation without hampering the nutrient uptake process, which provided better results due to better nutrition. Barandozi et al. (2011) and Guerrero et al. (2001) found that nutrient matter addition is a suitable technique for accelerating the natural recovery process of burned soils.
The number of suckers per plant ranges from 1.67 (in T1) to 3.67 (in T13), with T5, T8, T11 and T12 having the highest number of suckers per plant. A more or less similar trend was observed in case of total plant weight along with sucker. Number of suckers per plant was highest with the treatment T13 (100% Compost), which were followed by T9 and T5. These results were supported by Hernández-Cruz et al. (2002). Overall, T5 has the highest yield and yield-contributing characters, followed by T4, T11 and T12. T1 has the lowest yield and yield-contributing characters among all treatments.
Table 02. Yield and yield contributing characters of Aloe vera at final harvest stage (60 DAS) and Soil moisture and plant mortality percentage with different treatment conditions (find in the pdf)
The soil moisture percentage ranges from 39.67% (in T1) to 54% (in T11 and T13), with significant differences among the treatments. The highest soil moisture percentage was observed in T11 and T13, while the lowest was in T1. The plant mortality rate ranges from 1.33% (in T13) to 5% (in T1), with significant differences among the treatments. The lowest plant mortality rate was observed in T13, while the highest was in T1. The soil moisture level is crucial for plant growth and development, and excessive soil moisture or waterlogging can negatively affect plant growth and survival. The results of this table indicate that there are significant differences in soil moisture percentage among the different treatment conditions, which may have influenced the plant mortality rate.
Overall, the results suggest that organic fertilizers such as vermicompost, cow dung, poultry litter, sawdust and compost can improve the growth and yield of Aloe vera plants compared to chemical fertilizers alone (T14). Organic manures also contain plant growth regulators like humic acid, auxins, gibberlins and cytokinins which are responsible for plant growth and yield in many crops (Kumari, Shweta & Upadhyay, 2016). However, the type and combination of organic fertilizers used can have varying effects on plant growth and yield.
V. Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost, cowdung, cocodust, poultry litter, sawdust and compost had a significant effect on the growth and yield of Aloe vera plants compared to inorganic sources of fertilizers. Aloe vera plants grown with organic fertilizers had higher plant height, number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area, leaf yield per plant, and gel yield per plant compared to those grown with inorganic fertilizers. Additionally, the use of organic fertilizers also increased the number of suckers per plant, indicating more vigorous and healthy plant growth. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of organic fertilizers is a more sustainable and practical approach to improving the growth and yield of Aloe vera plants.
Acknowledgements
The researcher is grateful to the concerned authority of the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN) for financial and logistics support.
Aloe vera consists of at least 600 known species (Okamura et al., 1996) and is a valuable medicinal plant used for centuries to treat various ailments. The plant has numerous health benefits, attributed to biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, phenolic compounds and vitamins (Barandozi et al., 2011). However, to achieve high yields and quality of Aloe vera, it is essential to provide optimal conditions for plant growth and development, which can be achieved through the application of fertilizers (Capasso et al., 1998).
Organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers are commonly used in agriculture to enhance plant growth and development. Organic fertilizers such as compost, vermicompost and animal manure are considered a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers, as they are rich in essential nutrients and improve soil fertility and structure. On the other hand, Inorganic fertilizers provide a quick release of nutrients and are easy to apply (Van Dijk et al., 2022), but their excessive use can lead to soil degradation and environmental pollution.
Several studies have investigated the effect of organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers on the growth and yield of Aloe vera (Bellitürk and Aslam, 2021). However, there is a need for more research to determine the optimal fertilizer source and application rate for Aloe vera production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers on the growth and yield of Aloe vera. The results of this study can provide useful information for farmers and growers who are interested in optimizing Aloe vera production using sustainable fertilization practices.
II. Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in BIRTAN Regional Station, Barishal from 2019 to 2021. The climate of this area is subtropical. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam, with a pH of 7.5.
The experiment was laid out by randomized complete block design with three replication comprising 14 treatments viz. T1= 100% control, T2= 50% cowdung + 50% chemical fertilizer,T3= 100% vermicompost, T4= 100% cowdung, T5= 50% sawdust+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T6=100% cocodust, T7= 50% compost+ 50% chemical fertilizer, T8= 100% poultry litre, T9=50% vermicompost + 50% chemical fertilizer, T10= 100% sawdus, T11= 50% poultry litre+50% chemical fertilizer, T12= 50% cocodust+50% chemical fertilizer, T13=100% compost, T14=100% chemical fertilizer.
The plots used in the experiment were 3 m in length and 1 m in breadth. Seedlings of around eight weeks were collected from different local nurseries. Organic fertilizer, as well as decomposed cowdung, vermicompost, compost, cocodust, saw dust, poultry litre, were used in this experiment as per treatment. Chemical fertilizer as urea- 500 gm (3 split top dressing 25 days interval), TSP-300gm, MOP - 200 gm (50% Basal+1% Top dressing), Zn-50 gm, Gypsum-250 gm and fertilizer combination (Cowdung + Chemical fertilizer, Vermicompost + Chemical fertilizer, Compost + Chemical fertilizer, Poultry litre + Chemical fertilizer, Cocodust + Chemical fertilizer, Saw dust + Chemical fertilizer were used as treatment. The plots were irrigated whenever necessary.
Final data were recorded at harvest (60 DAP) to measure plant characters. Flexible taps and a scale were used to measure the leaf. The weighing was done by digital balance (Kaifeng Group Co., Ltd., China). The data were analyzed following the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique and mean separations were adjusted by the Multiple Comparison tests (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) using the statistical computer programme MSTAT-C v.1.2 (MSTAT-C, 1990). Means were compared by using an LSD test at 5% level of significance.
III. Results and Discussion
Table 01 displays the results of the leaf and plant characteristics of Aloe vera plants at harvest (60 days after transplanting) under different treatments. The treatments include various types of organic and inorganic fertilizers such as cow dung, vermicompost, sawdust, compost, chemical fertilizers, poultry litter and cocodust. The results indicate that the plant height varied significantly among treatments, with the highest value of 39.67 cm observed in T5 (50% sawdust + 50% chemical fertilizer) and the lowest value of 25 cm in T6 (100% cocodust). The number of leaves per plant ranged from 4.67 to 6.67, with T5 again having the highest value and T9 (50% vermicompost + 50% chemical fertilizer) having the lowest value. In this experiment application of 50% vermicompost + 50% chemical fertilizer as recommended doses did not show superior results to fertilizer application which was supported by Barandozi et al. (2011), Hasanuzzaman et al. (2008) and Saha et al. (2005). This trend of increased production due to increased fertilizer application was also observed in leaf length, leaf breadth, total weight/plant, leaf yield/plant and leaf area.
Fresh leaf weight per plant varied significantly among treatments, with the highest value of 413.89 g observed in T5 and the lowest value of 287.54 g in T1 (100% control). Similarly, leaf length, breadth and area also varied significantly among treatments, with the highest values observed in T5 and the lowest values observed in T1. The highest length of leaves was observed in the treatment where 50% sawdust+ 50% chemical fertilizer was applied. The growth rate in length decreased with the decrease in sawdust. The lowest growth rate was observed in the control treatment, where no fertilizer was applied. This dose of fertilizer improved the A. vera plant growth by providing the essential nutrient, resulting in the maximum cell growth and turgidity that influenced the leaf growth. Pichgram (1987) also observed similar results in A. vera.
Table 01. Different morphological characteristics of Aloe vera at final harvest stage (60 DAP) with different treatment conditions (find in the pdf)
Table 02 presents data on yield and yield contributing characters of Aloe vera at the final harvest stage (60 DAS) as well as soil moisture and plant mortality percentage of an experimental field under different treatment conditions. The leaf yield per plant ranges from 346.33 g (in T1) to 564.67 g (in T5), with significant differences among the treatments. Similarly, the gel yield per plant varies from 170.16 g (in T1) to 298.67 g (in T5), with significant differences among the treatments. The study of Moorthy and Malliga (2012) observed significant improvement in growth, yield and gel quality of Aloe spp by applying biofertilizers. The application of nutrient matter increased the cell division and elongation without hampering the nutrient uptake process, which provided better results due to better nutrition. Barandozi et al. (2011) and Guerrero et al. (2001) found that nutrient matter addition is a suitable technique for accelerating the natural recovery process of burned soils.
The number of suckers per plant ranges from 1.67 (in T1) to 3.67 (in T13), with T5, T8, T11 and T12 having the highest number of suckers per plant. A more or less similar trend was observed in case of total plant weight along with sucker. Number of suckers per plant was highest with the treatment T13 (100% Compost), which were followed by T9 and T5. These results were supported by Hernández-Cruz et al. (2002). Overall, T5 has the highest yield and yield-contributing characters, followed by T4, T11 and T12. T1 has the lowest yield and yield-contributing characters among all treatments.
Table 02. Yield and yield contributing characters of Aloe vera at final harvest stage (60 DAS) and Soil moisture and plant mortality percentage with different treatment conditions (find in the pdf)
The soil moisture percentage ranges from 39.67% (in T1) to 54% (in T11 and T13), with significant differences among the treatments. The highest soil moisture percentage was observed in T11 and T13, while the lowest was in T1. The plant mortality rate ranges from 1.33% (in T13) to 5% (in T1), with significant differences among the treatments. The lowest plant mortality rate was observed in T13, while the highest was in T1. The soil moisture level is crucial for plant growth and development, and excessive soil moisture or waterlogging can negatively affect plant growth and survival. The results of this table indicate that there are significant differences in soil moisture percentage among the different treatment conditions, which may have influenced the plant mortality rate.
Overall, the results suggest that organic fertilizers such as vermicompost, cow dung, poultry litter, sawdust and compost can improve the growth and yield of Aloe vera plants compared to chemical fertilizers alone (T14). Organic manures also contain plant growth regulators like humic acid, auxins, gibberlins and cytokinins which are responsible for plant growth and yield in many crops (Kumari, Shweta & Upadhyay, 2016). However, the type and combination of organic fertilizers used can have varying effects on plant growth and yield.
V. Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost, cowdung, cocodust, poultry litter, sawdust and compost had a significant effect on the growth and yield of Aloe vera plants compared to inorganic sources of fertilizers. Aloe vera plants grown with organic fertilizers had higher plant height, number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area, leaf yield per plant, and gel yield per plant compared to those grown with inorganic fertilizers. Additionally, the use of organic fertilizers also increased the number of suckers per plant, indicating more vigorous and healthy plant growth. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of organic fertilizers is a more sustainable and practical approach to improving the growth and yield of Aloe vera plants.
Acknowledgements
The researcher is grateful to the concerned authority of the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN) for financial and logistics support.
Article Citations:
MLA
Simi, and Hossain. “Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera”. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 04(01) (2023): 82-86.
APA
Simi, F. and Hossain, M. J. (2023). Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 04(01), 82-86.
Chicago
Simi, F. and Hossain, M. J. “Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera”. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 04(01) (2023): 82-86.
Harvard
Simi, F. and Hossain, M. J. 2023. Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 04(01), pp. 82-86.
Vancouver
Simi, F and Hossain, MJ. Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 2023 March 04(01), 82-86.
Simi, and Hossain. “Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera”. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 04(01) (2023): 82-86.
APA
Simi, F. and Hossain, M. J. (2023). Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 04(01), 82-86.
Chicago
Simi, F. and Hossain, M. J. “Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera”. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 04(01) (2023): 82-86.
Harvard
Simi, F. and Hossain, M. J. 2023. Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 04(01), pp. 82-86.
Vancouver
Simi, F and Hossain, MJ. Impact of fertilizer sources, both organic and inorganic, on Aloe vera. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 2023 March 04(01), 82-86.
References
[1]. Barandozi, F. N., Enferadi, S. T., Naghavi, M. R., Hassani, M. E., Mostofi, Y. and Mousavi, Y. A. (2011). Effects of fertilizer on morphological traits in Aloe vera. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(18), 4537-4541.
[2]. Bellitürk, K. and Aslam, Z. (Eds.) (2021). Fertilizers and their efficient use in sustainable agriculture. Turkey, Iksad Publications.
[3]. Capasso, F., Borrelli, F., Capasso, R., Di Carlo, G. and Izzo, A. A. et al., (1998). Aloe and its therapeutic use. Phytotherapy Research, 12, S124-S127.
[4]. Chowdhury, T., Chowdhury, M. A. H., Rahman, M. A., Nahar, K., Chowdhury, M. T. I. and Khan, M. S. I. (2020). Response of Aloe vera to inorganic and organic fertilization in relation to leaf biomass yield and post harvest fertility of soil. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 26 (2), 346–354
[5]. Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research (2nd edition).
[6]. Guerrero, C., Gomez, I., Moral, R., Mataix-Solera, J., Mataix-Beneyto, J. and Hernandez, T. (2001). Reclamation of a burned forest soil with municipal waste compost: macronutrient dynamics and improved vegetation cover recovery. Bioresource Technology, 73(3), 221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00125-5
[7]. Hasanuzzaman, M., Ahamed, K. U., Khalequzzaman, K. M., Shamsuzzaman, A. M. M. and Nahar, K. (2008). Plant characteristics, growth and leaf yield of Aloe vera as affected by organic manure in pot culture. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 2 (3), 158-163.
[8]. Hernández-Cruz, L. R. R., Rodríguez, D. J. and Angulo- Sánchez, J. L. (2002). Aloe vera Response to Plastic Mulch and Nitrogen. In: Trends in new crops and new uses. Janick, J. and Whipkey, A. (eds.). ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. John Willey and Sons, Inc. Singapore, pp. 139-240.
[9]. Kumari, M., Shweta, Y. and Upadhyay, R. G. (2016). Influence of the organic manures, plantation time and spacing on physiological and biochemical parameters of ashwagandha. Journal of Hill Agriculture, 7(1), 32-35. https://doi.org/10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00006.9
[10]. Moorthy, K. S. and Malliga (2012). Plant characteristics, growth and leaf gel yield of Aloe barbadensis miller as affected by cyanopith biofertilizer in pot culture. International Journal of Civil & Structural Engineering, 2(3), 884-892. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijcser.00202030016
[11]. MSTAT-C (1990). A microcomputer program for the design management and analysis of agronomic research experiments. MSTAT, Michigan States University, East Lansing.
[12]. Okamura, N., Asal, M., Hine, N. and Yago, A. (1996). High performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds in Aloe species. Journal of Chromatography A, 746, 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(96)00342-1
[13]. Pichgram, N. (1987). Investigation on plant spacing and fertilizer effect on growth of aloe (Aloe barbadensis Mill.). Ph.D. Thesis., Dept. of Horticulture, Graduate School. Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand).
[14]. Saha, R., Palit, S., Ghosh, B. C. and Mittra, B. N. (2005). Performance of Aloe vera as influenced by organic and inorganic sources of fertilizer supplied through fertigation. Acta Horticulturae, 676, 171-175. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.676.22
[15]. Van Dijk, K. L., Veenemans, C. and Nienhuis, (2022). Circular sanitation in relation to nutrients recycling and (urban) agriculture in the city of Amsterdam. Wageningen, Wageningen Environmental Research, Report 3207. 58 pp
[2]. Bellitürk, K. and Aslam, Z. (Eds.) (2021). Fertilizers and their efficient use in sustainable agriculture. Turkey, Iksad Publications.
[3]. Capasso, F., Borrelli, F., Capasso, R., Di Carlo, G. and Izzo, A. A. et al., (1998). Aloe and its therapeutic use. Phytotherapy Research, 12, S124-S127.
[4]. Chowdhury, T., Chowdhury, M. A. H., Rahman, M. A., Nahar, K., Chowdhury, M. T. I. and Khan, M. S. I. (2020). Response of Aloe vera to inorganic and organic fertilization in relation to leaf biomass yield and post harvest fertility of soil. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 26 (2), 346–354
[5]. Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research (2nd edition).
[6]. Guerrero, C., Gomez, I., Moral, R., Mataix-Solera, J., Mataix-Beneyto, J. and Hernandez, T. (2001). Reclamation of a burned forest soil with municipal waste compost: macronutrient dynamics and improved vegetation cover recovery. Bioresource Technology, 73(3), 221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00125-5
[7]. Hasanuzzaman, M., Ahamed, K. U., Khalequzzaman, K. M., Shamsuzzaman, A. M. M. and Nahar, K. (2008). Plant characteristics, growth and leaf yield of Aloe vera as affected by organic manure in pot culture. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 2 (3), 158-163.
[8]. Hernández-Cruz, L. R. R., Rodríguez, D. J. and Angulo- Sánchez, J. L. (2002). Aloe vera Response to Plastic Mulch and Nitrogen. In: Trends in new crops and new uses. Janick, J. and Whipkey, A. (eds.). ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. John Willey and Sons, Inc. Singapore, pp. 139-240.
[9]. Kumari, M., Shweta, Y. and Upadhyay, R. G. (2016). Influence of the organic manures, plantation time and spacing on physiological and biochemical parameters of ashwagandha. Journal of Hill Agriculture, 7(1), 32-35. https://doi.org/10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00006.9
[10]. Moorthy, K. S. and Malliga (2012). Plant characteristics, growth and leaf gel yield of Aloe barbadensis miller as affected by cyanopith biofertilizer in pot culture. International Journal of Civil & Structural Engineering, 2(3), 884-892. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijcser.00202030016
[11]. MSTAT-C (1990). A microcomputer program for the design management and analysis of agronomic research experiments. MSTAT, Michigan States University, East Lansing.
[12]. Okamura, N., Asal, M., Hine, N. and Yago, A. (1996). High performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds in Aloe species. Journal of Chromatography A, 746, 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(96)00342-1
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