J. Biosci. Agric. Res. | Volume 30, Issue 02, 2551-2558 | https://doi.org/10.18801/jbar.300223.308
Article type: Research article | Received: 10.06.2023; Revised: 20.08.2023; First published online: 30 August, 2023.
Article type: Research article | Received: 10.06.2023; Revised: 20.08.2023; First published online: 30 August, 2023.
Growth and flowering of Lisianthus with different nitrogen doses
Mst. Asmaul Husna 1, Most Naznin Sultana 2, Maisha Maliha 1, Raisa Islam 1 and Abul Faiz Md. Jamal Uddin 1
1 Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2 Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected].
1 Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2 Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected].
Abstract
A field experiment was accomplished at the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University to study the effect of nitrogen doses on the growth and flowering of Lisianthus (variety-SAU Blue Nandini). Nitrogen doses viz. N1=225 kg ha-1 (BARI recommended for marigold), N2= 250 kg ha-1, N3= 275 kg ha-1 of urea were used in this experiment arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Data on different growth and flower yield attribute parameters were taken in which all the treatments showed significant variations. The results showed that alluded nitrogen applications had a synergistic effect on growth and flowering attributes positively. Tallest plants (80.4 cm), the maximum number of leaves (74.1), highest SPAD value (60.9), highest stem length (63.1 cm) and maximum stem diameter (5.8 mm), highest peduncle length (13.4 cm), maximum stem number per plant (7.2), flower number per plant (42.6) was found from N3 whereas minimum in N1. The study showed that higher nitrogen application would be the potential for Lisianthus production among all the doses.
Key Words: Nandini, Eustoma grandiflorum, Growth and Flowering
A field experiment was accomplished at the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University to study the effect of nitrogen doses on the growth and flowering of Lisianthus (variety-SAU Blue Nandini). Nitrogen doses viz. N1=225 kg ha-1 (BARI recommended for marigold), N2= 250 kg ha-1, N3= 275 kg ha-1 of urea were used in this experiment arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Data on different growth and flower yield attribute parameters were taken in which all the treatments showed significant variations. The results showed that alluded nitrogen applications had a synergistic effect on growth and flowering attributes positively. Tallest plants (80.4 cm), the maximum number of leaves (74.1), highest SPAD value (60.9), highest stem length (63.1 cm) and maximum stem diameter (5.8 mm), highest peduncle length (13.4 cm), maximum stem number per plant (7.2), flower number per plant (42.6) was found from N3 whereas minimum in N1. The study showed that higher nitrogen application would be the potential for Lisianthus production among all the doses.
Key Words: Nandini, Eustoma grandiflorum, Growth and Flowering
Article Full-Text PDF:
| 308.30.02.23_growth_and_flowering_of_lisianthus_with_different_nitrogen_doses.pdf |
Article Metrics:
|
Share This Article:
|
|
I. Introduction
Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) belongs to the family Gentianaceae, originating from the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, USA (Halevy and Kofranek, 1984). Lisianthus is a newcomer in Bangladesh and popularly known as Nandini. Lisianthus has been ranked one of the most lucrative and expensive cut flowers in the world. It has a great cosmopolitan demand mainly for its large and attractive flowers, long and hard stem, long vase life, wide range of colors, especially have purple, blue, lavender. However, in Bangladesh, there is no recommended technology for Lisianthus production. In particular, optimum fertilizer doses are still unknown for Lisianthus flower production to meet the demand and it is imperative to provide more information to the growers for higher productivity and quality. For the sustainable flower, production requires optimal fertilizer management and nutrients. Nutrients such as nitrogen play a major role in the growth and development of plants (Scott, 2008). Nitrogen is one of the very important major plant nutrients which directly affect plant growth and flowering behavior. Among different essential plant nutrients, nitrogen is considered to be the most crucial and nitrogen applied as fertilizer is considered the key source for meeting the nitrogen requirements of plant growth (Konnerup and Brix, 2010) because it is a constituent of protein and nucleic acid which is helpful in plant growth (Haque, 2001). On the other side, excessive and improper use of nitrogen fertilization has a detrimental effect because high nitrogen application influences dark green leaves and leads to delayed flowering. Proper nitrogen application at the correct rates and time contributes to the optimal growth and higher number of flower and seed yield of ornamentals (Swetha et al., 2018). Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimum nitrogen doses for growth and flowering of Lisianthus production in Bangladesh condition.
II. Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, from January until March 2023, to study the performance of growth and yield of Nandini (Lisianthus) to different applications of nitrogen. Seeds of Lisianthus (variety-SAU Blue Nandini) were used in this experiment and seeds were collected from Takii Seed Co. The seeds were sown in 200 holes plug trays filled with growth medium and placed in Plant factory (growth chamber). Required care for proper development of seedlings was taken and 70 days old seedlings (with 2-3 pair true leaves) were taken for transplanting into the field. The field experiment was accomplished with three replications following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). This study was conducted with three doses of Nitrogenous fertilizer (Urea), where N1 = 225 kg/ha urea (103.5 kg N), N2 = 250 kg/ha urea (115.0 kg N), N3 = 275 kg/ha urea (126.5 kg N). Data have been collected based on three attributes: growth-related parameters, yield attributing parameters and quality attributes parameters. All the data recorded for different parameters were statistically analyzed using Statistix-10 scientific analysis software to find out the significance of variation among the treatments and treatment means were compared by LSD test at a 5% level of probability.
III. Results and Discussion
Plant height
Significant variation was found in the effect of different nitrogen doses regarding plant height. The shortest plant height ranged from 15.1 cm to 80.4 cm at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAT. The tallest plant (26.7 cm, 42.1 cm, 55.7 cm, 69.0 cm and 80.4 cm at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAT, respectively) was found from N3 where the shortest plant (15.1 cm, 30.6 cm, 45.2 cm, 57.5 cm and 66.6 cm at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAT respectively) was observed from N1 (Figure 01). The present finding also agreed with the results of Baral et al. (2012). Plant height as well as growth of plants significantly increased with the application of nitrogen fertilizers, as reported by Dahal et al. (2014). Hong et al. (2008) reported optimizing nitrogen (N) nutrition is required for healthy and vigorous plants. The plants absorbed nitrogen, stimulating plant growth and induced the plant protoplasm, increasing plant height (Jamil et al., 2016).
Figure 01. Effect of different nitrogen doses on plant height (cm) at different days after transplanting (See in pdf)
Number of leaves per plant
Significant variation was recorded for number of leaves per plant of Lisianthus with application of different levels of nitrogen at 30, 45, 65, 75 and 90 DAT (Figure 02). At 30, 45, 65, 75 and 90 DAT the maximum number of leaves per plant was 23.7, 37.0, 50.0, 62.7 and 74.1, respectively, which was obtained from N3 (275 kg urea/ha) and the minimum number of leaves per plant (12.6, 21.2, 35.2,47.4 and 57.2 at 30, 45, 65, 75 and 90 DAT respectively) was found from N1 (225 kg urea/ha). It was revealed that the number of leaves per plant varied with the variation of nitrogen doses, where higher doses of nitrogen level showed a higher number of leaves per plant at all growth stages. Maximum number of leaves per plant was recorded for highest level of nitrogen because nitrogenous fertilizer ensures favorable conditions for the growth of Lisianthus. Similar findings were observed by Tittonell et al. (2003), Rincon et al. (1998) and Boroujerdnia and Ansari (2007).
Figure 02. Effect of nitrogen doses on number of leaves per plant at different days after transplanting (See in pdf)
Leaf length
Application of different levels of nitrogen showed statistically significant variation for leaf length of Lisianthus (Table 01). The highest leaf length was 6.7 cm, which was achieved from N3 (275 kg urea/ha). Again, the lowest leaf length 4.5 cm, was found from N1 (225 kg urea/ha). Results showed that higher doses of nitrogen cause higher leaf length. Optimum vegetative growth occurred due to higher amount of nitrogen fertilizer, leading to the growth of Lisianthus and the ultimate result was the longest leaf (Plate 01). Application of nitrogen helps synthesize protein, which is the main constituent in plants. Thus, the higher supply of nitrogen through fertilizer in the experiment had increased the synthesis of amino acids in plants, thereby increasing vegetative growth of the plant. Mishra (1998) also reported that growth characters in gaillardia plant were significantly increased with higher doses of nitrogen application.
Table 01. Effect of nitrogen doses on SPAD value, leaf length, stem number per plant of Lisianthus (See in pdf)
SPAD Value
Chlorophyll enhances the growth of a plant, which is correlated with plant growth (Plate 01). Chlorophyll (%) on leaves (SPAD reading) showed significant variation with the application of different nitrogen doses at different days after transplanting (Table 01). The highest SPAD value, 55.8 was measured at 80 DAT from N3, whereas the lowest was 41.2 at 80 DAT from N1 (Table 01). Chlorophyll content of leaves is frequently correlated with photosynthetic capacity, with leaf N status, and RuBP carboxylase activity (Evans, 1998; Seemann et al., 1987).
Plate 01. Nitrogen uptake efficiency of plant during growth stages (See in pdf)
Number of stems per plant
Significant difference was revealed in number of stems per plant with different doses of nitrogen application. Among them, the maximum stem per plant (7.2) was observed in N3, while minimum stem number (4.7) was found in N1 (Table 01). Acharya and Dashora (2004) reported that nitrogen produced the maximum vegetative growth in marigold plants. This might be due to an increased uptake of the nutrient. Being, nitrogen is a constituent of protein, component of protoplasm and chlorophyll, all these factors contribute to cell multiplication, cell enlargement and cell differentiation, resulting in increased photosynthesis and translocation.
Stem length
Stem length at harvest showed statistically significant difference due to the effect of different nitrogen doses (Figure 03). The highest stem length (63.1 cm) was recorded in N3 (Figure 03). On the other hand, lowest length (49.9 cm) was recorded in N1 treatment. Iqbal et al. (2008) observed that various nitrogen levels significantly affect plant physiological parameters. Nitrogen promotes vegetative growth and stimulates the flower opening cycle during flowering (Fan et al., 2005 and Plate 02).
Figure 03. Effect of nitrogen doses on stem length (See in pdf)
Stem diameter
The difference in nitrogen doses for stem diameter (mm) was significant (Figure 04). The maximum diameter of stem (5.8 mm) was observed in N3, while the lowest stem diameter (4.2 mm) was found in N1 (Figure 04). The increase in growth characters and yield components from increased nitrogen levels might be due to the role of nitrogen in stimulating vegetative growth. The hypothesis is that nitrogen is a constituent of protein, nucleic acids and nucleotides that are essential to the metabolic function of plants. Parallel findings to this experiment have been cited in other research (Ayub et al., 2007).
Figure 04. Effect of nitrogen doses on stem diameter (See in pdf)
Number of flower buds per stem
Significant variation was found in case of number of flower buds/stem among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 02). The highest number of flower buds/stem was observed in N3 (9.8) and the minimum was observed in N1 (7.5) (Table 02). This finding is in agreement with that of Mojiri and Arzani (2003). It may be due to application of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) and higher doses of urea induced flower.
Number of flowers per stem
Number of flowers per stem of Lisianthus showed a prominent effect among different doses of nitrogen levels (Table 02). The results revealed that a higher nitrogen fertilizer application rate induced maximum flower. The maximum number of flowers (5.8) was observed in N3 treatment, while the minimum number (4.44) was found in N1 treatment (Table 02). Similar results were found in Adhikari et al. (2020). Flower number increased due to quick vegetative growth and thereafter, enhancing reproductive development of flower under optimum nitrogen treatment. Higher content of nitrogen might have also accelerated protein synthesis which promotes earlier floral primordial development.
Number of flowers per plant
Significant variation was found in case of number of flowers per plant among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 02). The results revealed that higher the rate of nitrogen fertilizer application induced maximum flower. The maximum number of flowers (42.6) was observed in N3 treatment, while the minimum number (21.5) was found in N1 treatment (Table 02). These findings are similar to those of Rajiv and Misra (2003). Higher rate of nitrogen might have quick vegetative growth that promotes floral development and increased Flower number (Table 02 and Plate 02).
Number of flowers per plot
Significant variation was observed in number of flowers per plant among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 02). The results revealed that higher rate of nitrogen fertilizer application induced maximum flower. The maximum number of flowers (1219.3) was observed in N3 treatment, while the minimum number (605.0) was found in N1 treatment (Table 02). A similar result was found in marigold plant (Singh and Kumar, 2009). This might be due to high nitrogen-enhanced vegetative growth that promotes the number of flowers per plant (Plate 02).
Plate 02. The Significant role of nitrogen as nitrogenous fertilizer influences the entire life cycle of plant (See in pdf)
Table 02. Effect of nitrogen doses on number of flower buds per stem, number of flowers per stem, number of flowers per plant and number of flower yield per plot of Lisianthus (See in pdf)
Peduncle length
Significant variation was observed in peduncle length of flower among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 03). The highest peduncle length (13.4 cm) was recorded in N3 (Table 3) On the other hand, lowest length (10.6 cm) was recorded in N1 treatment. This might have important role in metabolic activities of the plant resulting in the synthesis of chlorophyll and cytochromes, which are essential for photosynthesis and respiration process in the plants (Thanapornpoonpong et al., 2008) that increase growth.
Receptacle diameter
This study showed that application of nitrogen levels significantly influenced flower receptacle diameter of Lisianthus compared to the control and receptacle diameter increased when the nitrogen rate increased (Table 03). The maximum peduncle diameter (8.4 mm) was recorded in N3 (Table 03). On the other hand, lowest result (7.5 mm) was recorded in N1 treatment. This might be due to greater uptake of nutrients into the plant system, which involved cell division, cell elongation and protein synthesis, which ultimately enhanced the plant parts. Similar results were found by Lehri et al. (2011).
Flower head diameter
Flower head diameter greatly varied with the application of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer (Table 03). The maximum flower head diameter (6.2 cm) was observed in N3, while the lowest diameter (5.1 cm) was found in N1 (Table 03). This might be a facilitative response of nitrogen to extend the plant growth stages due to its involvement in structural support of cell membrane as well as in non-structural components of enzymes, nucleic acids, amino acids and chlorophyll pigments (Seilsepour and Rashidi, 2011).
Petal number per flower
Significant variation was observed in number of petals per flower among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 03). The results revealed that higher nitrogen fertilizer application rate induced maximum number of petals per flower. The maximum number of flowers (19.89) was observed in N3 treatment, while the minimum number (15.2) was found in N1 treatment (Table 03). Fertilizer application with an appropriate dose of nitrogen seemed to have increased the number of flowers per plant in Gerbera. Similar result was obtained by Nayak et al. (2005).
Table 03. Effect of nitrogen doses on peduncle length, receptacle diameter, flower head diameter and number of petals per flower of Lisianthus (See in pdf)
IV. Conclusion
Concerning the above results, it can be articulated that different doses of nitrogen showed significant variation in Lisianthus growth and flowering. According to result, nitrogen doses N3 (126.5 kg N) showed tallest plant height, maximum stem number, SPAD value, stem length, stem diameter, flower head diameter, peduncle length, receptacle diameter and ultimately the highest yield, even recorded maximum petal number per flower. To sum up, it can be concluded that N3 (126.5 kg N) as a source of (275 kg/ha urea) was the most suitable dose for the better growth, yield and quality attributes of Lisianthus production.
Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) belongs to the family Gentianaceae, originating from the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, USA (Halevy and Kofranek, 1984). Lisianthus is a newcomer in Bangladesh and popularly known as Nandini. Lisianthus has been ranked one of the most lucrative and expensive cut flowers in the world. It has a great cosmopolitan demand mainly for its large and attractive flowers, long and hard stem, long vase life, wide range of colors, especially have purple, blue, lavender. However, in Bangladesh, there is no recommended technology for Lisianthus production. In particular, optimum fertilizer doses are still unknown for Lisianthus flower production to meet the demand and it is imperative to provide more information to the growers for higher productivity and quality. For the sustainable flower, production requires optimal fertilizer management and nutrients. Nutrients such as nitrogen play a major role in the growth and development of plants (Scott, 2008). Nitrogen is one of the very important major plant nutrients which directly affect plant growth and flowering behavior. Among different essential plant nutrients, nitrogen is considered to be the most crucial and nitrogen applied as fertilizer is considered the key source for meeting the nitrogen requirements of plant growth (Konnerup and Brix, 2010) because it is a constituent of protein and nucleic acid which is helpful in plant growth (Haque, 2001). On the other side, excessive and improper use of nitrogen fertilization has a detrimental effect because high nitrogen application influences dark green leaves and leads to delayed flowering. Proper nitrogen application at the correct rates and time contributes to the optimal growth and higher number of flower and seed yield of ornamentals (Swetha et al., 2018). Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimum nitrogen doses for growth and flowering of Lisianthus production in Bangladesh condition.
II. Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, from January until March 2023, to study the performance of growth and yield of Nandini (Lisianthus) to different applications of nitrogen. Seeds of Lisianthus (variety-SAU Blue Nandini) were used in this experiment and seeds were collected from Takii Seed Co. The seeds were sown in 200 holes plug trays filled with growth medium and placed in Plant factory (growth chamber). Required care for proper development of seedlings was taken and 70 days old seedlings (with 2-3 pair true leaves) were taken for transplanting into the field. The field experiment was accomplished with three replications following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). This study was conducted with three doses of Nitrogenous fertilizer (Urea), where N1 = 225 kg/ha urea (103.5 kg N), N2 = 250 kg/ha urea (115.0 kg N), N3 = 275 kg/ha urea (126.5 kg N). Data have been collected based on three attributes: growth-related parameters, yield attributing parameters and quality attributes parameters. All the data recorded for different parameters were statistically analyzed using Statistix-10 scientific analysis software to find out the significance of variation among the treatments and treatment means were compared by LSD test at a 5% level of probability.
III. Results and Discussion
Plant height
Significant variation was found in the effect of different nitrogen doses regarding plant height. The shortest plant height ranged from 15.1 cm to 80.4 cm at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAT. The tallest plant (26.7 cm, 42.1 cm, 55.7 cm, 69.0 cm and 80.4 cm at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAT, respectively) was found from N3 where the shortest plant (15.1 cm, 30.6 cm, 45.2 cm, 57.5 cm and 66.6 cm at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAT respectively) was observed from N1 (Figure 01). The present finding also agreed with the results of Baral et al. (2012). Plant height as well as growth of plants significantly increased with the application of nitrogen fertilizers, as reported by Dahal et al. (2014). Hong et al. (2008) reported optimizing nitrogen (N) nutrition is required for healthy and vigorous plants. The plants absorbed nitrogen, stimulating plant growth and induced the plant protoplasm, increasing plant height (Jamil et al., 2016).
Figure 01. Effect of different nitrogen doses on plant height (cm) at different days after transplanting (See in pdf)
Number of leaves per plant
Significant variation was recorded for number of leaves per plant of Lisianthus with application of different levels of nitrogen at 30, 45, 65, 75 and 90 DAT (Figure 02). At 30, 45, 65, 75 and 90 DAT the maximum number of leaves per plant was 23.7, 37.0, 50.0, 62.7 and 74.1, respectively, which was obtained from N3 (275 kg urea/ha) and the minimum number of leaves per plant (12.6, 21.2, 35.2,47.4 and 57.2 at 30, 45, 65, 75 and 90 DAT respectively) was found from N1 (225 kg urea/ha). It was revealed that the number of leaves per plant varied with the variation of nitrogen doses, where higher doses of nitrogen level showed a higher number of leaves per plant at all growth stages. Maximum number of leaves per plant was recorded for highest level of nitrogen because nitrogenous fertilizer ensures favorable conditions for the growth of Lisianthus. Similar findings were observed by Tittonell et al. (2003), Rincon et al. (1998) and Boroujerdnia and Ansari (2007).
Figure 02. Effect of nitrogen doses on number of leaves per plant at different days after transplanting (See in pdf)
Leaf length
Application of different levels of nitrogen showed statistically significant variation for leaf length of Lisianthus (Table 01). The highest leaf length was 6.7 cm, which was achieved from N3 (275 kg urea/ha). Again, the lowest leaf length 4.5 cm, was found from N1 (225 kg urea/ha). Results showed that higher doses of nitrogen cause higher leaf length. Optimum vegetative growth occurred due to higher amount of nitrogen fertilizer, leading to the growth of Lisianthus and the ultimate result was the longest leaf (Plate 01). Application of nitrogen helps synthesize protein, which is the main constituent in plants. Thus, the higher supply of nitrogen through fertilizer in the experiment had increased the synthesis of amino acids in plants, thereby increasing vegetative growth of the plant. Mishra (1998) also reported that growth characters in gaillardia plant were significantly increased with higher doses of nitrogen application.
Table 01. Effect of nitrogen doses on SPAD value, leaf length, stem number per plant of Lisianthus (See in pdf)
SPAD Value
Chlorophyll enhances the growth of a plant, which is correlated with plant growth (Plate 01). Chlorophyll (%) on leaves (SPAD reading) showed significant variation with the application of different nitrogen doses at different days after transplanting (Table 01). The highest SPAD value, 55.8 was measured at 80 DAT from N3, whereas the lowest was 41.2 at 80 DAT from N1 (Table 01). Chlorophyll content of leaves is frequently correlated with photosynthetic capacity, with leaf N status, and RuBP carboxylase activity (Evans, 1998; Seemann et al., 1987).
Plate 01. Nitrogen uptake efficiency of plant during growth stages (See in pdf)
Number of stems per plant
Significant difference was revealed in number of stems per plant with different doses of nitrogen application. Among them, the maximum stem per plant (7.2) was observed in N3, while minimum stem number (4.7) was found in N1 (Table 01). Acharya and Dashora (2004) reported that nitrogen produced the maximum vegetative growth in marigold plants. This might be due to an increased uptake of the nutrient. Being, nitrogen is a constituent of protein, component of protoplasm and chlorophyll, all these factors contribute to cell multiplication, cell enlargement and cell differentiation, resulting in increased photosynthesis and translocation.
Stem length
Stem length at harvest showed statistically significant difference due to the effect of different nitrogen doses (Figure 03). The highest stem length (63.1 cm) was recorded in N3 (Figure 03). On the other hand, lowest length (49.9 cm) was recorded in N1 treatment. Iqbal et al. (2008) observed that various nitrogen levels significantly affect plant physiological parameters. Nitrogen promotes vegetative growth and stimulates the flower opening cycle during flowering (Fan et al., 2005 and Plate 02).
Figure 03. Effect of nitrogen doses on stem length (See in pdf)
Stem diameter
The difference in nitrogen doses for stem diameter (mm) was significant (Figure 04). The maximum diameter of stem (5.8 mm) was observed in N3, while the lowest stem diameter (4.2 mm) was found in N1 (Figure 04). The increase in growth characters and yield components from increased nitrogen levels might be due to the role of nitrogen in stimulating vegetative growth. The hypothesis is that nitrogen is a constituent of protein, nucleic acids and nucleotides that are essential to the metabolic function of plants. Parallel findings to this experiment have been cited in other research (Ayub et al., 2007).
Figure 04. Effect of nitrogen doses on stem diameter (See in pdf)
Number of flower buds per stem
Significant variation was found in case of number of flower buds/stem among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 02). The highest number of flower buds/stem was observed in N3 (9.8) and the minimum was observed in N1 (7.5) (Table 02). This finding is in agreement with that of Mojiri and Arzani (2003). It may be due to application of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) and higher doses of urea induced flower.
Number of flowers per stem
Number of flowers per stem of Lisianthus showed a prominent effect among different doses of nitrogen levels (Table 02). The results revealed that a higher nitrogen fertilizer application rate induced maximum flower. The maximum number of flowers (5.8) was observed in N3 treatment, while the minimum number (4.44) was found in N1 treatment (Table 02). Similar results were found in Adhikari et al. (2020). Flower number increased due to quick vegetative growth and thereafter, enhancing reproductive development of flower under optimum nitrogen treatment. Higher content of nitrogen might have also accelerated protein synthesis which promotes earlier floral primordial development.
Number of flowers per plant
Significant variation was found in case of number of flowers per plant among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 02). The results revealed that higher the rate of nitrogen fertilizer application induced maximum flower. The maximum number of flowers (42.6) was observed in N3 treatment, while the minimum number (21.5) was found in N1 treatment (Table 02). These findings are similar to those of Rajiv and Misra (2003). Higher rate of nitrogen might have quick vegetative growth that promotes floral development and increased Flower number (Table 02 and Plate 02).
Number of flowers per plot
Significant variation was observed in number of flowers per plant among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 02). The results revealed that higher rate of nitrogen fertilizer application induced maximum flower. The maximum number of flowers (1219.3) was observed in N3 treatment, while the minimum number (605.0) was found in N1 treatment (Table 02). A similar result was found in marigold plant (Singh and Kumar, 2009). This might be due to high nitrogen-enhanced vegetative growth that promotes the number of flowers per plant (Plate 02).
Plate 02. The Significant role of nitrogen as nitrogenous fertilizer influences the entire life cycle of plant (See in pdf)
Table 02. Effect of nitrogen doses on number of flower buds per stem, number of flowers per stem, number of flowers per plant and number of flower yield per plot of Lisianthus (See in pdf)
Peduncle length
Significant variation was observed in peduncle length of flower among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 03). The highest peduncle length (13.4 cm) was recorded in N3 (Table 3) On the other hand, lowest length (10.6 cm) was recorded in N1 treatment. This might have important role in metabolic activities of the plant resulting in the synthesis of chlorophyll and cytochromes, which are essential for photosynthesis and respiration process in the plants (Thanapornpoonpong et al., 2008) that increase growth.
Receptacle diameter
This study showed that application of nitrogen levels significantly influenced flower receptacle diameter of Lisianthus compared to the control and receptacle diameter increased when the nitrogen rate increased (Table 03). The maximum peduncle diameter (8.4 mm) was recorded in N3 (Table 03). On the other hand, lowest result (7.5 mm) was recorded in N1 treatment. This might be due to greater uptake of nutrients into the plant system, which involved cell division, cell elongation and protein synthesis, which ultimately enhanced the plant parts. Similar results were found by Lehri et al. (2011).
Flower head diameter
Flower head diameter greatly varied with the application of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer (Table 03). The maximum flower head diameter (6.2 cm) was observed in N3, while the lowest diameter (5.1 cm) was found in N1 (Table 03). This might be a facilitative response of nitrogen to extend the plant growth stages due to its involvement in structural support of cell membrane as well as in non-structural components of enzymes, nucleic acids, amino acids and chlorophyll pigments (Seilsepour and Rashidi, 2011).
Petal number per flower
Significant variation was observed in number of petals per flower among different levels of nitrogen application (Table 03). The results revealed that higher nitrogen fertilizer application rate induced maximum number of petals per flower. The maximum number of flowers (19.89) was observed in N3 treatment, while the minimum number (15.2) was found in N1 treatment (Table 03). Fertilizer application with an appropriate dose of nitrogen seemed to have increased the number of flowers per plant in Gerbera. Similar result was obtained by Nayak et al. (2005).
Table 03. Effect of nitrogen doses on peduncle length, receptacle diameter, flower head diameter and number of petals per flower of Lisianthus (See in pdf)
IV. Conclusion
Concerning the above results, it can be articulated that different doses of nitrogen showed significant variation in Lisianthus growth and flowering. According to result, nitrogen doses N3 (126.5 kg N) showed tallest plant height, maximum stem number, SPAD value, stem length, stem diameter, flower head diameter, peduncle length, receptacle diameter and ultimately the highest yield, even recorded maximum petal number per flower. To sum up, it can be concluded that N3 (126.5 kg N) as a source of (275 kg/ha urea) was the most suitable dose for the better growth, yield and quality attributes of Lisianthus production.
Article Citations:
MLA
Husna, M. A. et al. “Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 30(02), (2023): 2551-2558.
APA
Husna, M. A., Sultana, M. N., Maliha, M., Raisa, I. and Uddin, A. F. M. J. (2023). Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 30(02), 2551-2558
Chicago
Husna, M. A., Sultana, M. N., Maliha, M., Raisa, I. and Uddin, A. F. M. J. “Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 30(02), (2023): 2551-2558.
Harvard
Husna, M. A., Sultana, M. N., Maliha, M., Raisa, I. and Uddin, A. F. M. J. 2023. Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 30(02), pp. 2551-2558.
Vancouver
Husna, MA, Sultana, MN, Maliha, M, Raisa, I and Uddin, AFMJ. Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 2023 August 30(02): 2551-2558.
Husna, M. A. et al. “Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 30(02), (2023): 2551-2558.
APA
Husna, M. A., Sultana, M. N., Maliha, M., Raisa, I. and Uddin, A. F. M. J. (2023). Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 30(02), 2551-2558
Chicago
Husna, M. A., Sultana, M. N., Maliha, M., Raisa, I. and Uddin, A. F. M. J. “Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 30(02), (2023): 2551-2558.
Harvard
Husna, M. A., Sultana, M. N., Maliha, M., Raisa, I. and Uddin, A. F. M. J. 2023. Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 30(02), pp. 2551-2558.
Vancouver
Husna, MA, Sultana, MN, Maliha, M, Raisa, I and Uddin, AFMJ. Growth and Flowering of Lisianthus with Different Nitrogen Doses. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 2023 August 30(02): 2551-2558.
References:
- Acharya, M. M. and Dashora, L. K. (2004). Response of graded levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on vegetative growth and flowering in African marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn.). Journal of Horticultural Science & Ornamental Plants, 7(2), 179-183.
- Adhikari, P., Mishra, K., Marasini, S., Neupane, R. C., Shrestha, A. K., Shrestha, J. and Subedi, S. (2020). Effect of nitrogen doses on growth and yield of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) in subtropical climate of Nepal. Fundamental and Applied Agriculture, 5(3), 414-420. https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.108327
- Ayub, M., Nadeem, M. A., Tanveer, A., Tahir, M. and Khan R. M. A. (2007). Interactive effect of different nitrogen levels and seeding rates on fodder yield and quality of pearl millet. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 44(4), 592-596.
- Baral, S. P., Baral, D. R., Gautam, D. M. and Pun, U. K. (2012). Influence of Nitrogen on Growth Performance, Cut Flower Characteristics and Corm/Cormel Production of Gladiolus. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i1.7395
- Boroujerdnia M., and Ansari N.A., (2007). Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Cultivars on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Romaine Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Middle Eastern and Russian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 1(2), 47-53.
- Dahal, S., Mishra, K., Pun, U. K., Dhakal, D. D. and Sharma, M. (2014). Evaluation of Split Doses of Nitrogen at Different Growth Stages of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) for Improving Flowering and Vase-life. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 15(1), 23-30. ttps://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12006
- Evans, J. T. (1998). Nitrogen and photosynthesis in the flag leaf of wheat. Plant Physiology, 72, 297–302. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.72.2.297
- Fan, M., Jiang, R., Liu, X., Zhang, F., Lu, S., Zeng, X. and Christie, P. (2005). Interactions between non-flooded mulching cultivation and varying nitrogen inputs in rice–wheat rotations. Field Crops Research, 91, 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.08.006
- Halevy, A. H., Kofranek, and A. M. (1984). Evaluation of Lisianthus as a new crop. Scientia Horticulturae, 19, 845-847.
- Haque, I. and Jakhro, A. A. (2001). Soil and fertilizer potassium. In “Soil Science” National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan, 261-263 pp.
- Hong, L., Ruiping, H., Tingxian, L. and Kelin, H. (2008). Ability of nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation of seven strawberry cultivars in a northern Atlantic coastal soil. China Agricultural University, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Beijing, China, pp.1-6.
- Iqbal, J., Hussain, B., Saleem, M. F., Munir, M. A. and Aslam, M. (2008). Bio-economics of autumn planted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids under different NPK applications. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 45, 19-24.
- Jamil, M. K., Rahman, M. M., Hossain M. M., Hossain, M. T. and Sirajul Karim, A. J. M. (2016). Response of N, P and K on the growth and flowering of Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 41(1), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v41i1.27675
- Konnerup, D. and Brix, H. (2010). Nitrogen nutrition of Canna indica: Effects of ammonium versus nitrate on growth, biomass allocation, photosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity and N uptake rates. Aquatic Botany, 92, 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2009.11.004
- Lehri, S. M., Kurd, A. A., Rind, M. A. and Bangulzai, N. A. (2011). The response of Gladiolus tristis L. to N and P2O5 fertilizes. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 27(2), 185- 188.
- Mishra, H. P. (1998). Effect of nitrogen and planting density on growth and flowering of gaillardia. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, New series, 1 (2), 41-47.
- Mojiri, A. and Arzani, A. (2003). Effects of Nitrogen Rate and Plant Density on Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 7(2), 115-125.
- Nayak, D., Mandal, T. and Roychowdhury, N. (2005). Effect of NPK nutrition on growth and flowering of Gerbera jamesonii L. cv. Constance. The Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 33(2), 11-15.
- Rajiv, K. and Misra, R. L. (2003). Response of gladiolus to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 6(2), 95-99.
- Rincon, L., Pellicer, C. and Saez, J. (1998). Effect of different nitrogen application rates on yield and nitrate concentration in lettuce crops. Agrochemia, 42, 304-312.
- Scott, P. (2008). Mineral nutrition of plants. In: Physiology and Behavior of Plants, Wiley, New York, PP. 75-87.
- Seemann, J. R., Sharkey, T. D., Wang, J. and Osmond, C. B. (1987). Environmental effects on photosynthesis, nitrogen-use efficiency and metabolite pools in leaves of sun and shade plants. Plant Physiology, 84, 796–802 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.84.3.796
- Seilsepour, M. and Rashidi, M. (2011). Effect of different application rates of nitrogen on yield and quality of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 10, 366-370.
- Singh, J. and Kumar, J. (2009). Effect of Nitrogen and Pinching on Growth and Flowering in African Marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda. Annals of Horticulture, 2, 226-227.
- Swetha, J., Suseela, T., Dorajeerao, A. V. D., Salomi Suneetha, D. R. and Sujatha, R. V. (2018). Effect of Spacing and Nitrogen on Vegetative Growth and Flower Yield of Asiatic Lily CV. Tressor under Shade Net Condition. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(8), 4800-4809. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.505
- Thanapornpoonpong, S., Earasilp, S., Pawelzik, E. and Gorinstein, S. (2008). Influence of various nitrogen applications on protein and amino acid profiles of amaranth and quinoa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 11464–11470. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802673x
- Tittonell, P., Grazia, J. d. and Chiesa, A. (2001). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and plant population during growth on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) postharvest quality. Leuven, Belgium: Acta-Horticulturae, 553(1), 67-68. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2001.553.4
© 2023 The Authors. This article is freely available for anyone to read, share, download, print, permitted for unrestricted use and build upon, provided that the original author(s) and publisher are given due credit. All Published articles are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research EISSN 2312-7945.