J. Biosci. Agric. Res. | Volume 31, Issue 01, 2589-2597 | https://doi.org/10.18801/jbar.310123.312
Article type: Research article | Received: 20.09.2023; Revised: 20.12.2023; First published online: 30 December, 2023.
Article type: Research article | Received: 20.09.2023; Revised: 20.12.2023; First published online: 30 December, 2023.
Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh
Shomoresh Roy 1, Md. Ariful Islam 2, Md. Mahmudur Rahman 3, Mohammad Asiqur Rahaman 1 and Manobendra Nath Sarkar 4
1 On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Tangail, Bangladesh.
2 On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Pabna, Bangladesh.
3 Farm Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
4 Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Rangpur, Bangladesh.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected] (Roy, S.)
1 On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Tangail, Bangladesh.
2 On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Pabna, Bangladesh.
3 Farm Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
4 Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Rangpur, Bangladesh.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected] (Roy, S.)
Abstract
Although black cumin is an important spice and medical crop, the average yield is low in Bangladesh. The imbalance of fertilizer and local cultivar use are the major causes of the low yield of black cumin. Therefore, an attempt was made to develop and evaluate the performances of different fertilizer doses (in terms of crop productivity and economic performance) for improved varieties of black cumin in the farmers’ field at the Multi Location Testing site, Bhuapur, Tangail in 2017-18 and 2018-19. Treatment included Soil Test Based fertilizer dose - STB (106-32-30-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) as per Fertilizer Recommendation Guide, 2012, STB + 15% extra NPK (122-37-35-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1), STB + 30% extra NPK (138-42-39-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) and Farmer’s practice (35-15-19 kg NPK ha-1) and two varieties of black cumin namely V1 = BARI Kalozira-1 and V2 = Local. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with six replications. Among the treatment combinations, the highest average seed yield (1.24 t ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 130179 ha-1) along with BCR (2.74), were obtained from STB with BARI Kalozira-1. The lowest average seed yield (0.54 t ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 24414 ha-1), along with BCR (1.38), was recorded from a local variety with farmer’s practiced fertilizer dose.
Key Words: Fertilizer dose, Black cumin, Charland, Soil test-based fertilizer dose and BARI Kalozira-1.
Although black cumin is an important spice and medical crop, the average yield is low in Bangladesh. The imbalance of fertilizer and local cultivar use are the major causes of the low yield of black cumin. Therefore, an attempt was made to develop and evaluate the performances of different fertilizer doses (in terms of crop productivity and economic performance) for improved varieties of black cumin in the farmers’ field at the Multi Location Testing site, Bhuapur, Tangail in 2017-18 and 2018-19. Treatment included Soil Test Based fertilizer dose - STB (106-32-30-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) as per Fertilizer Recommendation Guide, 2012, STB + 15% extra NPK (122-37-35-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1), STB + 30% extra NPK (138-42-39-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) and Farmer’s practice (35-15-19 kg NPK ha-1) and two varieties of black cumin namely V1 = BARI Kalozira-1 and V2 = Local. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with six replications. Among the treatment combinations, the highest average seed yield (1.24 t ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 130179 ha-1) along with BCR (2.74), were obtained from STB with BARI Kalozira-1. The lowest average seed yield (0.54 t ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 24414 ha-1), along with BCR (1.38), was recorded from a local variety with farmer’s practiced fertilizer dose.
Key Words: Fertilizer dose, Black cumin, Charland, Soil test-based fertilizer dose and BARI Kalozira-1.
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I. Introduction
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is a short-lived, hardy annual herb belonging to the family Ranunculaceae (diploid, 2n=12). Due to having unique aromatic and medicinal properties, black cumin seeds and oil have high commercial potential as spices medicine. It is used in the kitchen, pickles and seasoning of many backer products. The whole seeds or their extracts are commonly used to treat intestinal worms and are believed to relieve digestive troubles. The seeds and oil are also used for inflammation to reduce bronchitis symptoms and asthma and treat rheumatoid arthritis (Petruzzello, 2018). Black cumin seeds showed 20.3% crude protein, 45.4% crude fat, 7.1% moisture, 7.4% ash, 19.7% total carbohydrate and 92.9% dry matter (Kabir et al., 2019). Black cumin is resumed to originated in the Mediterranean region. It is widely cultivated in North Africa, South Europe, Middle East, China, Japan, Turkey, Iran and Indian Sub-continent (Rana et al., 2012; Bhutia et al., 2015).
In Bangladesh, black cumin is an important essential spice called ‘Kalozira’. The total production of black cumin in Bangladesh is 1005 million tons from 862 ha of land (BBS, 2021), mainly in the districts of Bogura, Sariatpur, Faridpur, Madaripur, Pabna, Sirajganj, Jessore, Kustia, Rangpur and Natore (Ali et al., 2015b; Noor et al., 2008). However, the average yield of black cumin is low in Bangladesh due to diseases and insect infestation, imbalance fertilization, poor agronomic practices and use of local cultivars (Bhutia et al., 2015). Therefore, there is a need to improve the yield and quality of black cumin by adopting suitable varieties and fertilizer management practices.
The Spices Research Centre of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute has released a high yielding black cumin variety named ‘BARI Kalozira-1’, suitable for cultivation all over Bangladesh in the Rabi season. This variety has higher yield potential, better quality traits and resistance to diseases than the local variety (Ali et al., 2015a). Applying NPK fertilizer increases the yield of black cumin (Al-Saadi and Alhalabi, 2012). The application of N and P @ 60 and 120 kg ha-1 provides the maximum growth, yield and quality of black cumin (Rana et al., 2012). In the Gangetic alluvial plains, NAA at 100 ppm with N-P-K @30-40-45 kg ha-1 and farm yard manure (FYM) @15 t ha-1 application increased the seed yield of black cumin. The dry matter weight, number of primary branches, number of capsules and 1000-seed yield of different black cumin varieties were significantly influenced by different levels of NPK fertilizers (Ali et al., 2015a).
Black cumin is cultivated in the Charlands of Bhuapur upazila in the Tangail district of Bangladesh without proper fertilizer management. The Bhuapur Upazila of Tangail district has about 12841 ha of Charland (SRDI, 2017), whereas the total Charland of Bangladesh is 0.82 million ha (EGIS, 2000). They also use local indigenous variety, which provides poor yield and are susceptible to different types of pest. Spices Research Centre of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute has released a high yielding black cumin variety named ‘BARI Kalozira-1’, which is suitable for cultivation all over Bangladesh in the Rabi season. Char areas have enough scope for large scale black cumin production following proper and suitable fertilizer management along with yielding variety. The present study was therefore undertaken to determine the optimum fertilizer dose of black cumin in char areas under AEZ 8 (Young Brahmaputra and Jamuna Floodplain) soil. The objectives of the study were:
• To evaluate the effects of different fertilizer doses and variety on growth, yield and quality of black cumin in char areas.
• To determine the optimum fertilizer dose for black cumin cultivation in char areas.
• To estimate the cost and return analysis of black cumin production under different fertilizer doses and variety in char areas.
II. Materials and Methods
Site selection
The experiment was conducted at the Multi-Location Testing (MLT) site, Bhuapur, Tangail, of the On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Tangail, under Agro-Ecological Zone -8 during the two consecutive cool dry season seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The geographic coordinates of the experimental location were 24O29/N, 89o50/E and 15 m above sea level. Before conducting the experiment, initial soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm soil depth from the experimental plot and collected samples were analyzed for determination of soil nutrients. The soil chemical characteristics of the experimental plot are presented in Table 01.
Weather data
The maximum, minimum temperature (oC) and total rainfall (mm) of the experimental field are presented in Figure 01 (BMD, 2019). The highest rainfall (576.1 mm) occurred in July, 2019 whereas no rainfall was recorded in January & February, 2017; January, 2018 and January, 2019. The mean maximum temperature (34.79oC) was recorded in May, 2019 and minimum temperature (11.570C) in January, 2019.
Figure 01. Maximum, minimum temperature (oC) and total rainfall (mm) during 2017-18 and 2018-19 at MLT site, Bhuapur, Tangail (See in pdf)
Land preparation
The experimental location was prepared one month before transplanting. The total amount of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and boron was applied during the final land preparation. Nitrogen was divided into two equal splits and applied as top-dressing at 35 and 55 days after sowing (FRG, 2012).
Experimental design and layout
The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four fertilizer doses and two black cumin varieties with six replications. The unit plot size was 5 m x 4 m.
Plant materials
Seeds of black cumin variety BARI Kalozira-1 were collected from Spices Research Centre, BARI, Gazipur and the seeds of the local variety of black cumin were collected from local farmers of Bhuapur, Tangail. Initial moisture contents of black cumin seeds were 11%.
Treatment details
Four fertilizer doses viz. T1: Soil Test Based fertilizer dose (STB) (106-32-30-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) as par Fertilizer Recommendation Guide (FRG, 2012), T2: STB + 15% Extra NPK (122-37-35-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1), T3: STB + 30% Extra NPK (138-42-39-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) and T4: Farmers practice (35-15-19 kg NPK ha-1) and two black cumin variety (V1: BARI Kalozira-1 and V2: Local) were considered. The general fertilizer dose for black cumin practiced by ten farmers was averaged to determine the farmers’ practice fertilizer dose. The seeds of black cumin were sown, maintaining a 15 cm line to line distance with continuous sowing.
Table 01. Chemical properties of the experimental soil (initial soil) sample
Intercultural operation
The seeds were sown in the experimental plot by hand on 23 November 2017 and 13 November 2018 following the 8 kg ha-1 seed rate (Azad et al., 2017; Yousuf et al., 2018). Seeds of black cumin were soaked in water for 24 hours before sowing to enhance germination. After soaking, the seeds were air-dried and treated with carbendazim group fungicide @ 2 g kg-1 seeds to minimize the seed-borne diseases. The seeds were mixed with some loose soil to ensure uniform sowing (Yousuf et al., 2018). Intercultural operations (two weeding, two irrigations) were done for the proper growth and development of crops.
Measurement of yield and yield attributes
In this study plant height (cm), the number of the capsule (capsule plant-1), the number of seeds in the capsule (seeds capsule-1), thousand-seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg ha-1) were investigated. 10 m2 areas were selected and harvested for collecting seed yield data at 80% maturity stage.
Soil analysis
Soil pH was determined by a glass electrode pH meter as described by Jackson (1962) with soil water ratios of 1:2.5. organic carbon was determined by wet-oxidation method by Walkley and Black (1934) as modified by Allison (1965). The organic matter was obtained by multiplying the content of organic carbon by Van Bemmelen, a factor of 1.73 Page et al. (1982). Total N was determined by micro-Kjeldahl digestion by using CuSO4-NaSO4 catalyst mixture was used to determine total N. The ammonia (NH3) from the digestion was distilled with 40% NaOH into 5% Boric acid and determined by titrating with 0.01 N H2SO4 (Jackson, 1973). Available P in the soil sample was measured colorimetrically by the phospho-vanadomolybdate method (Hanson, 1950). Concentration of exchangeable K of the soil samples was determined after the soil by mixing 10 milliliters of 1 normal, pH 7, ammonium acetate with a 1 g scoop of air-dried soil sample and shaking for 5 minutes. The filtered extract is analyzed with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) (Chintala et al., 2014). S was determined by turbid metric method with the help of a spectrophotometer.
Statistical analyses
The yield and yield components were statistically analyzed using the Statistix 10. The significance of ‘F’ value was determined based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) for RCBD design. Mean separation was done by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5% level of probability.
III. Results and Discussion
Plant height
The plant height of two black cumin varieties varied significantly. The plant height of BARI Kalozira-1 (V1) varied from 33.16-36.11 cm, whereas in the local variety (V2), plant height ranged from 20.62-24.73 cm in the year 2017-18 and 2018-19. From the two years of study, it was observed that the plant height of V1 was higher than V2, which may be due to the genetic makeup of cultivars and this finding was at par with Azad et al. (2017). Different fertilizer doses affected the plant height non-significantly in 2017-18 but significant in 2018-19. The highest plant height (30.07 and 29.47 cm in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively) resulted in T1, whereas the lowest (27.25 and 25.50 cm in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively) in T4 treatment. There was an increasing trend of plant height was observed with the increase in fertilizer dose (Table 02) in 2018-19.
The plant height varied significantly in interaction effect of variety and fertilization. The plant height values varied in the range of 18.00-38.60 cm and 21.73-35.60 cm in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively, as an interaction of variety and fertilization. There was a trend of an increase in the height of plants with the increasing amount of NPK fertilizer dose observed. In the aspect of variety, BARI Kalozira-1 (V1) is naturally taller in habit compared to the local black cumin (V2) variety. According to the two years results, the highest plant height, 38.60 and 35.07 cm, was found in the V1T3 treatment combination in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively whereas the lowest, 18.00 and 21.73 cm in V2T4 treatment combination during 2017-18 and 2018-19 (Table 02). In different studies, the plant height of black cumin varied a wide range from 27.9 to 95.1 cm (Ceylan, 1995; Geren et al., 1997; Ozguven and Sekeroglu, 2007). Plant height might be the effect of different genetic and environmental factors. Higher doses of nitrogen fertilizer application accelerate cell division, cell elongation and metabolic processes that result in higher plant growth (Ali et al., 2015a and Ali et al., 2015b).
The number of capsules plant-1
The number of capsule plant-1 was significantly varied among the two varieties. The number of capsule plant-1 of BARI Kalozira-1 varied from 8.63-9.03 whereas 7.08-7.28 in local variety during 2017-18 and 2018-19 (Table 02). BARI Kalozira-1 provides 20-25 capsules plant-1 (Azad et al., 2017). Capsule plant-1 significantly varied by the application of different fertilizer doses. The highest number of capsule plant-1 was found in T1 treatment, ranging from 8.77-9.37, whereas the lowest in T4 treatment ranged from 7.73-8.47 during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Higher number of capsules plant-1 results in higher number of flowers umbel-1, higher percentage of capsule set and reduced shedding of flowers and capsules that increased yield.
The number of capsules plant-1 was significantly affected by the interaction of different fertilizer doses and black cumin variety. The highest number of capsule plant-1 was observed in V1T1 (9.93-10.53) followed by V1T3 (8.67-9.73) and V1T2 (8.07-9.07), whereas the lowest in V2T4 (6.07-6.20) treatment combination in two years (Table 02). Soil test-based fertilizer dose along with BARI Kalozira-1 (V1T1) provided the highest number of capsules plant-1 because the NPK dose was provided as per the requirement of the soil. Farmers’ dose of fertilizer along with local cultivar provides the lowest number of capsule plant-1 because of less nutrient supply and poor yield potentiality. Rana et al. (2012) and Tuncturk et al. (2012) also reported that the number of capsule plant-1 was positively influenced by the increased fertilizer dose and high yielding black cumin varieties.
Table 02. Effects of different fertilizer doses and variety on plant height, capsule plant-1 on black cumin varieties (See in pdf)
The number of seeds capsule-1
The number of seeds capsule-1 varied significantly between the varieties. BARI Kalozira-1 ranged from 66.02-64.39 seeds capsule-1 whereas 54.73-58.88 in local variety during 2017-18 and 2018-19 (Table 03). These findings are at par with Azad et al. (2017). Different fertilizer doses significantly affect the number of seeds capsule-1. The maximum average number of seeds capsule-1 (63.10-66.37) was observed in T1 during the two consecutive years whereas the lowest was in farmers practice (53.93-59.21).
The number of seeds capsule-1 lies between the intervals of 48.40-68.43 according to the result of 2017-18 and 2018-19 interaction of variety and fertilizer dose (Table 03). The highest number of seeds capsule-1 was observed in V1T1 (67.47-68.43), followed by V1T3 (65.83-66.63), V1T2 (64.80-66.13) and V1T4 (59.47-63.0) whereas the lowest number of seeds capsule-1 in V2T4 (48.40-55.43) in 2017-18 and 2018-19. These results are at par with the findings of Ghanepasand et al. (2014) and Yousuf et al. (2018). The trend of the values of the number of seeds capsule-1 showed that all the fertilizer doses along with BARI Kalozira-1 showed significant differences among them, which means the high yielding variety is more capable of responding to fertilizer doses compared to local black cumin varieties.
Thousand seed weight
The thousand seed weight varied significantly between the varieties. The maximum thousand seed weight was observed in BARI Kalozira-1 (2.79-2.95 g) in 2017-18 and 2018-19. On the other hand, the minimum seed yield was observed in local variety (2.52-2.55 g) in 2017-18 and 2018-19. A significant difference was observed in thousand seed weights as the effect of different fertilizer doses. The maximum thousand seed weight was observed in T1 treatment (3.04-3.12 g), whereas minimum was in T4 (2.47-2.53 g) in 2017-18 and 2018-19.
Table 03. Effects of different fertilizer doses and variety on seed capsule-1, 1000 seed weight, seed yield of black cumin varieties
The interaction effect of fertilizer dose and varieties on thousand seed weight showed significant differences among the treatments in both the years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The highest thousand seed weight was observed in V1T1 (3.21-3.45 g) followed by V1T3 (2.66-2.91 g) whereas the lowest was in V2T4 (2.34-2.47 g) in two years trial (Table 03). Thousand seed weight is influenced by different factors like variety, growing seasons, fertilizer dose, growing conditions, climatic factors and soil characteristics. The different levels of fertilizer doses have a significant effect on the thousand seed weight of black cumin (Rana et al., 2012).
Seed yield
The seed weight yield varied significantly between the varieties. The maximum seed yield of 1.01-1.17 t ha-1 was observed in V1. On the other hand, the minimum seed yield was observed in local variety (0.73-.77 t ha-1) during the production period of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The yield of BARI Kalozira-1 is 1.00 t ha-1 (Azad et al., 2017).
A significant difference was observed in seed yield as the effect of different fertilizer doses. The maximum seed yield was observed in T1 treatment (1.03-1.14 t ha-1) followed by T3 (0.95-1.05 t ha-1), whereas minimum was in T4 (0.64-.75 t ha-1) in 2017-18 and 2018-19. Yousuf et al. (2018) found that BARI Kalozira-1 provided 1.15 t ha-1 seed yield when recommended dose of chemical fertilizer was applied.
The different levels of fertilizer doses significantly influenced the seed yield of black cumin genotypes varied from 0.56-1.33 and 0.52-1.15 t ha-1 in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively (Table 03). The highest seed yield was found in V1T1 (1.15-1.33 t ha-1), followed by V1T3 (01.00-1.30 t ha-1), whereas the lowest one was in V2T4 (0.52-0.56 t ha-1) according to the two years value. These findings conform to the findings of Yousuf et al. (2014) and Yousuf et al. (2018). Soil test-based fertilizer dose provided the highest seed yield, which may be due to the effect of the highest number of capsule plant-1, seeds capsule-1, 1000 seed weight observations are at par with the findings of Ozguven and Sekeroglu (2007) and Tuncturk et al. (2012).
Cost and return analysis
The highest gross return (Tk.204600 ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 130179 ha-1) along with Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 2.74 were obtained from BARI Kalozira-1 with soil test-based fertilizer application because of its highest seed yield and lower dose of fertilizers except for farmers’ practice (Table 04). On the other hand, the lowest gross return (Tk. 89100 ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 24414), along with BCR (1.38), were observed in V2T4 treatment combination.
The results showed that the treatment V1T1 (BARI Kalozira-1 with STB as per FRG, 2012 had the highest average seed yield, gross return, gross margin and BCR among all the treatments. This indicates that V1T1 was the most profitable and efficient treatment for black cumin production. The treatment V2T4 (Local black cumin variety with farmers practice) had the lowest average seed yield, gross return, gross margin and BCR among all the treatments. This suggests that V2T4 was the least profitable and efficient treatment for black cumin production.
Table 04. Cost and return analysis of black cumin influenced by different fertilizer doses and variety at MLT site, Bhuapur, Tangail during Rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19 (See in pdf)
The results also showed that variety V1 had higher average seed yield, gross return, gross margin and BCR than variety V2 in all the fertilizer doses. This implies that the variety V1 was more productive and profitable than the variety V2 regardless of the fertilizer dose. The fertilization T1 had higher average seed yield, gross return, gross margin and BCR than the fertilization T4 in both varieties. This means that the fertilization T1 was more suitable and profitable than the fertilization T4 for both varieties. The results suggest that the variety V1 with the fertilization T1 can be recommended for black cumin cultivation to obtain higher yield and income. However, further research is needed to assess the sustainability and environmental impact of using different fertilizer doses for black cumin production.
IV. Conclusion
The application of soil test-based fertilizer (106-32-30-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) in BARI Kalozira-1 gave the highest yield and economic return. From the two-year study, it may be concluded that soil test-based fertilizer management package with BARI Kaligira-1 may be recommended for black cumin cultivation for the Charland of Bhuapur, Tangail, under AEZ 8 for higher yield and economic return.
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is a short-lived, hardy annual herb belonging to the family Ranunculaceae (diploid, 2n=12). Due to having unique aromatic and medicinal properties, black cumin seeds and oil have high commercial potential as spices medicine. It is used in the kitchen, pickles and seasoning of many backer products. The whole seeds or their extracts are commonly used to treat intestinal worms and are believed to relieve digestive troubles. The seeds and oil are also used for inflammation to reduce bronchitis symptoms and asthma and treat rheumatoid arthritis (Petruzzello, 2018). Black cumin seeds showed 20.3% crude protein, 45.4% crude fat, 7.1% moisture, 7.4% ash, 19.7% total carbohydrate and 92.9% dry matter (Kabir et al., 2019). Black cumin is resumed to originated in the Mediterranean region. It is widely cultivated in North Africa, South Europe, Middle East, China, Japan, Turkey, Iran and Indian Sub-continent (Rana et al., 2012; Bhutia et al., 2015).
In Bangladesh, black cumin is an important essential spice called ‘Kalozira’. The total production of black cumin in Bangladesh is 1005 million tons from 862 ha of land (BBS, 2021), mainly in the districts of Bogura, Sariatpur, Faridpur, Madaripur, Pabna, Sirajganj, Jessore, Kustia, Rangpur and Natore (Ali et al., 2015b; Noor et al., 2008). However, the average yield of black cumin is low in Bangladesh due to diseases and insect infestation, imbalance fertilization, poor agronomic practices and use of local cultivars (Bhutia et al., 2015). Therefore, there is a need to improve the yield and quality of black cumin by adopting suitable varieties and fertilizer management practices.
The Spices Research Centre of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute has released a high yielding black cumin variety named ‘BARI Kalozira-1’, suitable for cultivation all over Bangladesh in the Rabi season. This variety has higher yield potential, better quality traits and resistance to diseases than the local variety (Ali et al., 2015a). Applying NPK fertilizer increases the yield of black cumin (Al-Saadi and Alhalabi, 2012). The application of N and P @ 60 and 120 kg ha-1 provides the maximum growth, yield and quality of black cumin (Rana et al., 2012). In the Gangetic alluvial plains, NAA at 100 ppm with N-P-K @30-40-45 kg ha-1 and farm yard manure (FYM) @15 t ha-1 application increased the seed yield of black cumin. The dry matter weight, number of primary branches, number of capsules and 1000-seed yield of different black cumin varieties were significantly influenced by different levels of NPK fertilizers (Ali et al., 2015a).
Black cumin is cultivated in the Charlands of Bhuapur upazila in the Tangail district of Bangladesh without proper fertilizer management. The Bhuapur Upazila of Tangail district has about 12841 ha of Charland (SRDI, 2017), whereas the total Charland of Bangladesh is 0.82 million ha (EGIS, 2000). They also use local indigenous variety, which provides poor yield and are susceptible to different types of pest. Spices Research Centre of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute has released a high yielding black cumin variety named ‘BARI Kalozira-1’, which is suitable for cultivation all over Bangladesh in the Rabi season. Char areas have enough scope for large scale black cumin production following proper and suitable fertilizer management along with yielding variety. The present study was therefore undertaken to determine the optimum fertilizer dose of black cumin in char areas under AEZ 8 (Young Brahmaputra and Jamuna Floodplain) soil. The objectives of the study were:
• To evaluate the effects of different fertilizer doses and variety on growth, yield and quality of black cumin in char areas.
• To determine the optimum fertilizer dose for black cumin cultivation in char areas.
• To estimate the cost and return analysis of black cumin production under different fertilizer doses and variety in char areas.
II. Materials and Methods
Site selection
The experiment was conducted at the Multi-Location Testing (MLT) site, Bhuapur, Tangail, of the On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Tangail, under Agro-Ecological Zone -8 during the two consecutive cool dry season seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The geographic coordinates of the experimental location were 24O29/N, 89o50/E and 15 m above sea level. Before conducting the experiment, initial soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm soil depth from the experimental plot and collected samples were analyzed for determination of soil nutrients. The soil chemical characteristics of the experimental plot are presented in Table 01.
Weather data
The maximum, minimum temperature (oC) and total rainfall (mm) of the experimental field are presented in Figure 01 (BMD, 2019). The highest rainfall (576.1 mm) occurred in July, 2019 whereas no rainfall was recorded in January & February, 2017; January, 2018 and January, 2019. The mean maximum temperature (34.79oC) was recorded in May, 2019 and minimum temperature (11.570C) in January, 2019.
Figure 01. Maximum, minimum temperature (oC) and total rainfall (mm) during 2017-18 and 2018-19 at MLT site, Bhuapur, Tangail (See in pdf)
Land preparation
The experimental location was prepared one month before transplanting. The total amount of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and boron was applied during the final land preparation. Nitrogen was divided into two equal splits and applied as top-dressing at 35 and 55 days after sowing (FRG, 2012).
Experimental design and layout
The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four fertilizer doses and two black cumin varieties with six replications. The unit plot size was 5 m x 4 m.
Plant materials
Seeds of black cumin variety BARI Kalozira-1 were collected from Spices Research Centre, BARI, Gazipur and the seeds of the local variety of black cumin were collected from local farmers of Bhuapur, Tangail. Initial moisture contents of black cumin seeds were 11%.
Treatment details
Four fertilizer doses viz. T1: Soil Test Based fertilizer dose (STB) (106-32-30-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) as par Fertilizer Recommendation Guide (FRG, 2012), T2: STB + 15% Extra NPK (122-37-35-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1), T3: STB + 30% Extra NPK (138-42-39-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) and T4: Farmers practice (35-15-19 kg NPK ha-1) and two black cumin variety (V1: BARI Kalozira-1 and V2: Local) were considered. The general fertilizer dose for black cumin practiced by ten farmers was averaged to determine the farmers’ practice fertilizer dose. The seeds of black cumin were sown, maintaining a 15 cm line to line distance with continuous sowing.
Table 01. Chemical properties of the experimental soil (initial soil) sample
Intercultural operation
The seeds were sown in the experimental plot by hand on 23 November 2017 and 13 November 2018 following the 8 kg ha-1 seed rate (Azad et al., 2017; Yousuf et al., 2018). Seeds of black cumin were soaked in water for 24 hours before sowing to enhance germination. After soaking, the seeds were air-dried and treated with carbendazim group fungicide @ 2 g kg-1 seeds to minimize the seed-borne diseases. The seeds were mixed with some loose soil to ensure uniform sowing (Yousuf et al., 2018). Intercultural operations (two weeding, two irrigations) were done for the proper growth and development of crops.
Measurement of yield and yield attributes
In this study plant height (cm), the number of the capsule (capsule plant-1), the number of seeds in the capsule (seeds capsule-1), thousand-seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg ha-1) were investigated. 10 m2 areas were selected and harvested for collecting seed yield data at 80% maturity stage.
Soil analysis
Soil pH was determined by a glass electrode pH meter as described by Jackson (1962) with soil water ratios of 1:2.5. organic carbon was determined by wet-oxidation method by Walkley and Black (1934) as modified by Allison (1965). The organic matter was obtained by multiplying the content of organic carbon by Van Bemmelen, a factor of 1.73 Page et al. (1982). Total N was determined by micro-Kjeldahl digestion by using CuSO4-NaSO4 catalyst mixture was used to determine total N. The ammonia (NH3) from the digestion was distilled with 40% NaOH into 5% Boric acid and determined by titrating with 0.01 N H2SO4 (Jackson, 1973). Available P in the soil sample was measured colorimetrically by the phospho-vanadomolybdate method (Hanson, 1950). Concentration of exchangeable K of the soil samples was determined after the soil by mixing 10 milliliters of 1 normal, pH 7, ammonium acetate with a 1 g scoop of air-dried soil sample and shaking for 5 minutes. The filtered extract is analyzed with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) (Chintala et al., 2014). S was determined by turbid metric method with the help of a spectrophotometer.
Statistical analyses
The yield and yield components were statistically analyzed using the Statistix 10. The significance of ‘F’ value was determined based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) for RCBD design. Mean separation was done by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5% level of probability.
III. Results and Discussion
Plant height
The plant height of two black cumin varieties varied significantly. The plant height of BARI Kalozira-1 (V1) varied from 33.16-36.11 cm, whereas in the local variety (V2), plant height ranged from 20.62-24.73 cm in the year 2017-18 and 2018-19. From the two years of study, it was observed that the plant height of V1 was higher than V2, which may be due to the genetic makeup of cultivars and this finding was at par with Azad et al. (2017). Different fertilizer doses affected the plant height non-significantly in 2017-18 but significant in 2018-19. The highest plant height (30.07 and 29.47 cm in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively) resulted in T1, whereas the lowest (27.25 and 25.50 cm in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively) in T4 treatment. There was an increasing trend of plant height was observed with the increase in fertilizer dose (Table 02) in 2018-19.
The plant height varied significantly in interaction effect of variety and fertilization. The plant height values varied in the range of 18.00-38.60 cm and 21.73-35.60 cm in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively, as an interaction of variety and fertilization. There was a trend of an increase in the height of plants with the increasing amount of NPK fertilizer dose observed. In the aspect of variety, BARI Kalozira-1 (V1) is naturally taller in habit compared to the local black cumin (V2) variety. According to the two years results, the highest plant height, 38.60 and 35.07 cm, was found in the V1T3 treatment combination in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively whereas the lowest, 18.00 and 21.73 cm in V2T4 treatment combination during 2017-18 and 2018-19 (Table 02). In different studies, the plant height of black cumin varied a wide range from 27.9 to 95.1 cm (Ceylan, 1995; Geren et al., 1997; Ozguven and Sekeroglu, 2007). Plant height might be the effect of different genetic and environmental factors. Higher doses of nitrogen fertilizer application accelerate cell division, cell elongation and metabolic processes that result in higher plant growth (Ali et al., 2015a and Ali et al., 2015b).
The number of capsules plant-1
The number of capsule plant-1 was significantly varied among the two varieties. The number of capsule plant-1 of BARI Kalozira-1 varied from 8.63-9.03 whereas 7.08-7.28 in local variety during 2017-18 and 2018-19 (Table 02). BARI Kalozira-1 provides 20-25 capsules plant-1 (Azad et al., 2017). Capsule plant-1 significantly varied by the application of different fertilizer doses. The highest number of capsule plant-1 was found in T1 treatment, ranging from 8.77-9.37, whereas the lowest in T4 treatment ranged from 7.73-8.47 during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Higher number of capsules plant-1 results in higher number of flowers umbel-1, higher percentage of capsule set and reduced shedding of flowers and capsules that increased yield.
The number of capsules plant-1 was significantly affected by the interaction of different fertilizer doses and black cumin variety. The highest number of capsule plant-1 was observed in V1T1 (9.93-10.53) followed by V1T3 (8.67-9.73) and V1T2 (8.07-9.07), whereas the lowest in V2T4 (6.07-6.20) treatment combination in two years (Table 02). Soil test-based fertilizer dose along with BARI Kalozira-1 (V1T1) provided the highest number of capsules plant-1 because the NPK dose was provided as per the requirement of the soil. Farmers’ dose of fertilizer along with local cultivar provides the lowest number of capsule plant-1 because of less nutrient supply and poor yield potentiality. Rana et al. (2012) and Tuncturk et al. (2012) also reported that the number of capsule plant-1 was positively influenced by the increased fertilizer dose and high yielding black cumin varieties.
Table 02. Effects of different fertilizer doses and variety on plant height, capsule plant-1 on black cumin varieties (See in pdf)
The number of seeds capsule-1
The number of seeds capsule-1 varied significantly between the varieties. BARI Kalozira-1 ranged from 66.02-64.39 seeds capsule-1 whereas 54.73-58.88 in local variety during 2017-18 and 2018-19 (Table 03). These findings are at par with Azad et al. (2017). Different fertilizer doses significantly affect the number of seeds capsule-1. The maximum average number of seeds capsule-1 (63.10-66.37) was observed in T1 during the two consecutive years whereas the lowest was in farmers practice (53.93-59.21).
The number of seeds capsule-1 lies between the intervals of 48.40-68.43 according to the result of 2017-18 and 2018-19 interaction of variety and fertilizer dose (Table 03). The highest number of seeds capsule-1 was observed in V1T1 (67.47-68.43), followed by V1T3 (65.83-66.63), V1T2 (64.80-66.13) and V1T4 (59.47-63.0) whereas the lowest number of seeds capsule-1 in V2T4 (48.40-55.43) in 2017-18 and 2018-19. These results are at par with the findings of Ghanepasand et al. (2014) and Yousuf et al. (2018). The trend of the values of the number of seeds capsule-1 showed that all the fertilizer doses along with BARI Kalozira-1 showed significant differences among them, which means the high yielding variety is more capable of responding to fertilizer doses compared to local black cumin varieties.
Thousand seed weight
The thousand seed weight varied significantly between the varieties. The maximum thousand seed weight was observed in BARI Kalozira-1 (2.79-2.95 g) in 2017-18 and 2018-19. On the other hand, the minimum seed yield was observed in local variety (2.52-2.55 g) in 2017-18 and 2018-19. A significant difference was observed in thousand seed weights as the effect of different fertilizer doses. The maximum thousand seed weight was observed in T1 treatment (3.04-3.12 g), whereas minimum was in T4 (2.47-2.53 g) in 2017-18 and 2018-19.
Table 03. Effects of different fertilizer doses and variety on seed capsule-1, 1000 seed weight, seed yield of black cumin varieties
The interaction effect of fertilizer dose and varieties on thousand seed weight showed significant differences among the treatments in both the years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The highest thousand seed weight was observed in V1T1 (3.21-3.45 g) followed by V1T3 (2.66-2.91 g) whereas the lowest was in V2T4 (2.34-2.47 g) in two years trial (Table 03). Thousand seed weight is influenced by different factors like variety, growing seasons, fertilizer dose, growing conditions, climatic factors and soil characteristics. The different levels of fertilizer doses have a significant effect on the thousand seed weight of black cumin (Rana et al., 2012).
Seed yield
The seed weight yield varied significantly between the varieties. The maximum seed yield of 1.01-1.17 t ha-1 was observed in V1. On the other hand, the minimum seed yield was observed in local variety (0.73-.77 t ha-1) during the production period of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The yield of BARI Kalozira-1 is 1.00 t ha-1 (Azad et al., 2017).
A significant difference was observed in seed yield as the effect of different fertilizer doses. The maximum seed yield was observed in T1 treatment (1.03-1.14 t ha-1) followed by T3 (0.95-1.05 t ha-1), whereas minimum was in T4 (0.64-.75 t ha-1) in 2017-18 and 2018-19. Yousuf et al. (2018) found that BARI Kalozira-1 provided 1.15 t ha-1 seed yield when recommended dose of chemical fertilizer was applied.
The different levels of fertilizer doses significantly influenced the seed yield of black cumin genotypes varied from 0.56-1.33 and 0.52-1.15 t ha-1 in 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively (Table 03). The highest seed yield was found in V1T1 (1.15-1.33 t ha-1), followed by V1T3 (01.00-1.30 t ha-1), whereas the lowest one was in V2T4 (0.52-0.56 t ha-1) according to the two years value. These findings conform to the findings of Yousuf et al. (2014) and Yousuf et al. (2018). Soil test-based fertilizer dose provided the highest seed yield, which may be due to the effect of the highest number of capsule plant-1, seeds capsule-1, 1000 seed weight observations are at par with the findings of Ozguven and Sekeroglu (2007) and Tuncturk et al. (2012).
Cost and return analysis
The highest gross return (Tk.204600 ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 130179 ha-1) along with Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 2.74 were obtained from BARI Kalozira-1 with soil test-based fertilizer application because of its highest seed yield and lower dose of fertilizers except for farmers’ practice (Table 04). On the other hand, the lowest gross return (Tk. 89100 ha-1) and gross margin (Tk. 24414), along with BCR (1.38), were observed in V2T4 treatment combination.
The results showed that the treatment V1T1 (BARI Kalozira-1 with STB as per FRG, 2012 had the highest average seed yield, gross return, gross margin and BCR among all the treatments. This indicates that V1T1 was the most profitable and efficient treatment for black cumin production. The treatment V2T4 (Local black cumin variety with farmers practice) had the lowest average seed yield, gross return, gross margin and BCR among all the treatments. This suggests that V2T4 was the least profitable and efficient treatment for black cumin production.
Table 04. Cost and return analysis of black cumin influenced by different fertilizer doses and variety at MLT site, Bhuapur, Tangail during Rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19 (See in pdf)
The results also showed that variety V1 had higher average seed yield, gross return, gross margin and BCR than variety V2 in all the fertilizer doses. This implies that the variety V1 was more productive and profitable than the variety V2 regardless of the fertilizer dose. The fertilization T1 had higher average seed yield, gross return, gross margin and BCR than the fertilization T4 in both varieties. This means that the fertilization T1 was more suitable and profitable than the fertilization T4 for both varieties. The results suggest that the variety V1 with the fertilization T1 can be recommended for black cumin cultivation to obtain higher yield and income. However, further research is needed to assess the sustainability and environmental impact of using different fertilizer doses for black cumin production.
IV. Conclusion
The application of soil test-based fertilizer (106-32-30-12-2-1 kg NPKSZnB ha-1) in BARI Kalozira-1 gave the highest yield and economic return. From the two-year study, it may be concluded that soil test-based fertilizer management package with BARI Kaligira-1 may be recommended for black cumin cultivation for the Charland of Bhuapur, Tangail, under AEZ 8 for higher yield and economic return.
Article Citations:
MLA
Roy, S. et al. “Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 31(01), (2023): 2589-2597.
APA
Roy, S., Islam, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahaman, M. A. and Sarkar, M. N. (2023). Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 31(01), 2589-2597.
Chicago
Roy, S., Islam, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahaman, M. A. and Sarkar, M. N. “Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 31(01), (2023): 2589-2597.
Harvard
Roy, S., Islam, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahaman, M. A. and Sarkar, M. N. 2023. Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 31(01), pp. 2589-2597.
Vancouver
Roy S, Islam MA, Rahman MM, Rahaman MA and Sarkar MN. Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 2023 December, 31(01): 2589-2597.
Roy, S. et al. “Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 31(01), (2023): 2589-2597.
APA
Roy, S., Islam, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahaman, M. A. and Sarkar, M. N. (2023). Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 31(01), 2589-2597.
Chicago
Roy, S., Islam, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahaman, M. A. and Sarkar, M. N. “Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh”. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 31(01), (2023): 2589-2597.
Harvard
Roy, S., Islam, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahaman, M. A. and Sarkar, M. N. 2023. Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 31(01), pp. 2589-2597.
Vancouver
Roy S, Islam MA, Rahman MM, Rahaman MA and Sarkar MN. Effect of different fertilizer levels on yield performance of black cumin in Brahmaputra and Jamuna floodplain soil of Bangladesh. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 2023 December, 31(01): 2589-2597.
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[3]. Al-Saadi, A. J. H. and Alhalabi, H. E. S. (2012). The influence of cytokinin and NPK compound fertilizer on some yield components and active compound of (Nigella sativa L.) plant. Journal of Kerbala University, 10(2), 56-66.
[4]. Azad, A. K., Goswami, B. K., Rahman, M. L., Malakar, P. K., Hassan, M. S. and Rahman, H. F. (2017). Krishi Projukti Hatboi (Handbook of Agro-Technology), 7th Edition, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh. pp. 316-317.
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[6]. Bhutia, K. C., Bhandari, S., Chatterjee, R., Bhutia, S. O. and Gurung, N. (2015). Integrated micronutrient spray on yield assessment of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in Nadia district of West Bengal. Journal of Crop and Weed, 11 (Special Issue), 205-209.
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[9]. EGIS (2000). Riverine chars in Bangladesh environmental dynamics and management issues. Environment and GIS Support Project for Water Sector Planning. EGIS: University Press.
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[11]. Geren, H., Bayram, E. and Ceylan, A. (1997). Effect of different sowing dates and phosphorus fertilizer application on the yield and quality characteristics of Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Proceedings of the Second National Field Crops Congress. pp. 376-380.
[12]. Ghanepasand, F., Ghorban, N., Mohammad, H. S. H. R. and Taghi, D. M. (2014). Influence of manure application and nitrogen fixing bacteria on yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(3), 628–635. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=377359
[13]. Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. p. 498.
[14]. Noor, S., Khan, M. S., Shil, N. C. and Talukder, M. R. (2008). Integrated nutrient management for sustainable yield of major spices crops in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture & Environment, 4 (Special issue), 95-113.
[15]. Ozguven, M. and Sekeroglu, N. (2007). Agricultural practices for high yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) cultivated in Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, 756, 329-337. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.756.35
[16]. Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R. (1982). Agronomy Series 9 ASA, SSSA. Methods of Soil Analysis (Part 2, 2nd ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, USA. pp. 403-427.
[17]. Rana, S., Singh P. P., Naruka, I. S. and Rathore, S. S. (2012). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth, yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). International Journal of Seed Spices, 2(2), 5-8.
[18]. SRDI (2017). Land and Soil Utilization Guide, Bhuapur Uapzilla, Tangail District, Soil Resources Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture.
[19]. Tuncturk, R., Tuncturk, M. and Ciftci, V. (2012). The effects of varying nitrogen doses on yield and some yield components of black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.). Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Van, Turkey.
[20]. Yousuf, M. N., Brahma, S., Kamal, M. M., Akter, S. and Chowdhury, M. E. K. (2014). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur on the growth and seed yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(2), 303-309. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i2.20433
[21]. Yousuf, M. N., Karim, A. J. M. S., Solaiman, A. R. M., Islam, M. S. and Zakaria, M. (2018). Nutrient management on the growth and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 43(2), 205-210. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v43i2.37314
[22]. Jackson, M. L. (1962). Soil chemical analysis. pp. 498. New York: Prentice-Hall Inc.
[23]. Walkley, A. and Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
[24]. Hanson, W. C. (1950). The photometric determination of phosphorus in fertilizers using the phosphovanado-molybdate complex. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1(6), 172-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740010604
[25]. Chintala, R., Mollinedo, J., Schumacher, T. E., Malo, D. D. and J. L. Julson (2014). Effect of biochars on chemical properties of acidic soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60(3), 393-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2013.789870.
[26]. Allison, L. E. (1965). Organic carbon. In C. A. Black et al. (Eds.), Method of soil analysis part 1. American Society Agronomy, 9, 1367-1378.
[27]. Petruzzello, M. (2018). Black cumin. Encyclopedia Britannica.
[28]. Kabir, Y., Shirakawa, H. and Komai, M. (2019) Nutritional composition of indigenous cultivar of black cumin seeds from Bangladesh. Progress in Nutrition, 21(1-S), 428-34.
[2]. Ali, M. M. K., Hasan, M. A. and Islam, M. R. (2015b). Influence of fertilizer levels on the growth and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). The Agriculturist, 13, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v13i2.26596
[3]. Al-Saadi, A. J. H. and Alhalabi, H. E. S. (2012). The influence of cytokinin and NPK compound fertilizer on some yield components and active compound of (Nigella sativa L.) plant. Journal of Kerbala University, 10(2), 56-66.
[4]. Azad, A. K., Goswami, B. K., Rahman, M. L., Malakar, P. K., Hassan, M. S. and Rahman, H. F. (2017). Krishi Projukti Hatboi (Handbook of Agro-Technology), 7th Edition, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh. pp. 316-317.
[5]. BBS (2021). Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics-2020. Bangladesh Bureau of statistics. Statistics and Informatics Division. Ministry of Planning, Government of the people’s Republic of Bangladesh, P. 155.
[6]. Bhutia, K. C., Bhandari, S., Chatterjee, R., Bhutia, S. O. and Gurung, N. (2015). Integrated micronutrient spray on yield assessment of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in Nadia district of West Bengal. Journal of Crop and Weed, 11 (Special Issue), 205-209.
[7]. BMD (2019). Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Available: http://www.bmd.gov.bd/.
[8]. Ceylan, A. (1995). Medicinal Plants-I (Third Edition). Ege University Agricultural Faculty Press, Nr. 312, Izmir-Turkey.
[9]. EGIS (2000). Riverine chars in Bangladesh environmental dynamics and management issues. Environment and GIS Support Project for Water Sector Planning. EGIS: University Press.
[10]. FRG. (2012). Fertilizer Recommendation Guide, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Farmgate, Dhaka 1215. pp. 1-274.
[11]. Geren, H., Bayram, E. and Ceylan, A. (1997). Effect of different sowing dates and phosphorus fertilizer application on the yield and quality characteristics of Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Proceedings of the Second National Field Crops Congress. pp. 376-380.
[12]. Ghanepasand, F., Ghorban, N., Mohammad, H. S. H. R. and Taghi, D. M. (2014). Influence of manure application and nitrogen fixing bacteria on yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(3), 628–635. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=377359
[13]. Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. p. 498.
[14]. Noor, S., Khan, M. S., Shil, N. C. and Talukder, M. R. (2008). Integrated nutrient management for sustainable yield of major spices crops in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture & Environment, 4 (Special issue), 95-113.
[15]. Ozguven, M. and Sekeroglu, N. (2007). Agricultural practices for high yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) cultivated in Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, 756, 329-337. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.756.35
[16]. Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R. (1982). Agronomy Series 9 ASA, SSSA. Methods of Soil Analysis (Part 2, 2nd ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, USA. pp. 403-427.
[17]. Rana, S., Singh P. P., Naruka, I. S. and Rathore, S. S. (2012). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth, yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). International Journal of Seed Spices, 2(2), 5-8.
[18]. SRDI (2017). Land and Soil Utilization Guide, Bhuapur Uapzilla, Tangail District, Soil Resources Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture.
[19]. Tuncturk, R., Tuncturk, M. and Ciftci, V. (2012). The effects of varying nitrogen doses on yield and some yield components of black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.). Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Van, Turkey.
[20]. Yousuf, M. N., Brahma, S., Kamal, M. M., Akter, S. and Chowdhury, M. E. K. (2014). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur on the growth and seed yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(2), 303-309. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i2.20433
[21]. Yousuf, M. N., Karim, A. J. M. S., Solaiman, A. R. M., Islam, M. S. and Zakaria, M. (2018). Nutrient management on the growth and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 43(2), 205-210. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v43i2.37314
[22]. Jackson, M. L. (1962). Soil chemical analysis. pp. 498. New York: Prentice-Hall Inc.
[23]. Walkley, A. and Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
[24]. Hanson, W. C. (1950). The photometric determination of phosphorus in fertilizers using the phosphovanado-molybdate complex. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1(6), 172-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740010604
[25]. Chintala, R., Mollinedo, J., Schumacher, T. E., Malo, D. D. and J. L. Julson (2014). Effect of biochars on chemical properties of acidic soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60(3), 393-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2013.789870.
[26]. Allison, L. E. (1965). Organic carbon. In C. A. Black et al. (Eds.), Method of soil analysis part 1. American Society Agronomy, 9, 1367-1378.
[27]. Petruzzello, M. (2018). Black cumin. Encyclopedia Britannica.
[28]. Kabir, Y., Shirakawa, H. and Komai, M. (2019) Nutritional composition of indigenous cultivar of black cumin seeds from Bangladesh. Progress in Nutrition, 21(1-S), 428-34.
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