Int. J. Fores. Env. | Volume 06, Issue 01, 215-223 | https://doi.org/10.18801/ijfee.060122.24
Article type: Research article | Received: 05.04.22; Revised: 12.10.22; First published online: 25 December 2022.
Article type: Research article | Received: 05.04.22; Revised: 12.10.22; First published online: 25 December 2022.
Assessment of fuelwood utilization and carbon emission on conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria
Egwunatum, A. E. 1, Ndulue, N. B.1 and Okoro, V. I. 2
1 Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
2 Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, NOUN, Asaba, Nigeria
✉ Corresponding author: ae.egwunatum@unizik.edu.ng (Egwunatum, AE)
1 Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
2 Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, NOUN, Asaba, Nigeria
✉ Corresponding author: ae.egwunatum@unizik.edu.ng (Egwunatum, AE)
Abstract
Fuel wood is the main energy source in rural and peri-urban areas where its utilization constitutes a significant index of carbon leakage from its renewable source due to over exploitation and production of its composite products. This study was carried out to ascertain the level of local deforestation and carbon emission from the use of Mangrove fuelwood as source of energy in Koko. The Five- point Likert scale questionnaires were administered in the community to verify the sources of mangrove fuelwood, preference for existing species of fuelwood and other alternative energy, impact on sustainable livelihood and environment. Twenty (20) randomly selected Households in Nana and New Koko quarters were assigned weighed bunches of mangrove fuel wood procured from the Fuelwood Market for use as energy burners. These were monitored daily for 14 days and collected data were analyzed using descriptive and chi-square (X2) test statistics with mean score ≥ 3.00 as significant, while the carbon dioxide emitted from fuelwood by individual households was estimated by standard procedure. Results showed that mean of critically investigated indices were significant (mean score ≥ 3.00) in the order of existing booming market for mangrove fuelwood (3.04) < fuel wood consumption/cost of fuelwood (3.20) < 5-10 bunches required for fish-drying (3.25) < non-preference for other wood species than the mangrove fuelwood for kiln fish-drying (3.67). These perceptions corroborated the mean indigenous knowledge that fuelwood stoves released more fumes than kerosene stoves (3.91) with negative environmental health implications. High quantity of fuelwood used by households in Koko (3.67) accounted for approximately 411.15 - 734.67 kg and 333.54-694.15 kg of mangrove fuelwood consumed as well as the average 21.41-74.12 CO2eq/kg and 16.47-70.82 CO2eq/kg emission per day per household in Nana and New Koko quarters respectively. Furthermore, the high preference for mangrove fuelwood due to thermal capacity and presence of colour pigments for attractive commercial fish drying venture underpinned high fuelwood utilization along with carbon emission in Koko to impinge on conservation of the blue carbon Mangrove Forest. Therefore, pressure reduction by sustainable forest management by fuelwood efficiency and reduced emission profile to allow for other endowed ecological benefits of Mangrove Forest Conservation cannot be overemphasized as attempts at minimizing degradation and enhancing carbon de-capitalization in Koko Community.
Key Words: Fuel wood, Deforestation, Carbon emission, Mangrove wood and Koko Community.
Fuel wood is the main energy source in rural and peri-urban areas where its utilization constitutes a significant index of carbon leakage from its renewable source due to over exploitation and production of its composite products. This study was carried out to ascertain the level of local deforestation and carbon emission from the use of Mangrove fuelwood as source of energy in Koko. The Five- point Likert scale questionnaires were administered in the community to verify the sources of mangrove fuelwood, preference for existing species of fuelwood and other alternative energy, impact on sustainable livelihood and environment. Twenty (20) randomly selected Households in Nana and New Koko quarters were assigned weighed bunches of mangrove fuel wood procured from the Fuelwood Market for use as energy burners. These were monitored daily for 14 days and collected data were analyzed using descriptive and chi-square (X2) test statistics with mean score ≥ 3.00 as significant, while the carbon dioxide emitted from fuelwood by individual households was estimated by standard procedure. Results showed that mean of critically investigated indices were significant (mean score ≥ 3.00) in the order of existing booming market for mangrove fuelwood (3.04) < fuel wood consumption/cost of fuelwood (3.20) < 5-10 bunches required for fish-drying (3.25) < non-preference for other wood species than the mangrove fuelwood for kiln fish-drying (3.67). These perceptions corroborated the mean indigenous knowledge that fuelwood stoves released more fumes than kerosene stoves (3.91) with negative environmental health implications. High quantity of fuelwood used by households in Koko (3.67) accounted for approximately 411.15 - 734.67 kg and 333.54-694.15 kg of mangrove fuelwood consumed as well as the average 21.41-74.12 CO2eq/kg and 16.47-70.82 CO2eq/kg emission per day per household in Nana and New Koko quarters respectively. Furthermore, the high preference for mangrove fuelwood due to thermal capacity and presence of colour pigments for attractive commercial fish drying venture underpinned high fuelwood utilization along with carbon emission in Koko to impinge on conservation of the blue carbon Mangrove Forest. Therefore, pressure reduction by sustainable forest management by fuelwood efficiency and reduced emission profile to allow for other endowed ecological benefits of Mangrove Forest Conservation cannot be overemphasized as attempts at minimizing degradation and enhancing carbon de-capitalization in Koko Community.
Key Words: Fuel wood, Deforestation, Carbon emission, Mangrove wood and Koko Community.
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MLA
Egwunatum, A. E. "Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria. International.” International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 06(01) (2022): 215-223.
APA
Egwunatum, A. E., Ndulue, N. B. and Okoro, V. I. (2022). Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment, 06(01), 215-223.
Chicago
Egwunatum, A. E., Ndulue, N. B. and Okoro, V. I. “Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria” International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 06(01) (2022): 215-223.
Harvard
Egwunatum, A. E., Ndulue, N. B. and Okoro, V. I. 2022. Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment, 06(01), pp. 215-223.
Vancouver
Egwunatum, AE, Ndulue, NB and Okoro, VI. Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment. 2022 December 06(01): 215-223.
Egwunatum, A. E. "Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria. International.” International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 06(01) (2022): 215-223.
APA
Egwunatum, A. E., Ndulue, N. B. and Okoro, V. I. (2022). Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment, 06(01), 215-223.
Chicago
Egwunatum, A. E., Ndulue, N. B. and Okoro, V. I. “Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria” International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 06(01) (2022): 215-223.
Harvard
Egwunatum, A. E., Ndulue, N. B. and Okoro, V. I. 2022. Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment, 06(01), pp. 215-223.
Vancouver
Egwunatum, AE, Ndulue, NB and Okoro, VI. Assessment of Fuelwood Utilization and Carbon Emission on Conservation of Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Forest in Koko, Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment. 2022 December 06(01): 215-223.
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[22]. Tiega, A. and Quedraogo, P. (2012). Les forets de mangroves: Apercu de leurs services et de leur role de stabilisateur des zones cotieres fragiles [Mangrove forests: Overview of their services and their role in stabilizing fragile coastal areas]. Forum francophone preparatoire a Rio +20, Convention de Ramsar sur les Zones Humides, 28 rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland (Switzerland) fevrier 2012, 22P.
[23]. Tsietsi, J. P., Robert, H. and Edison, M. (2013). Emissions Analysis from combustion of eco-fuel briquettes for domestic applications. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 24(4), 30-36 https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i4a3143
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[27]. Neufeldt, H., Sanchez Martinez, G., Olhoff, A., Knudsen, C. M. S., & Dorkenoo, K. E. J. (Eds.) (2018). The Adaptation Gap Report 2018. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya. United Nations Environment Programme
[2]. Ayuba, V. O., Komoda, V. T. and Ikape, S. I. (2015). Suitability of corn husk and cow dung as alternative of fuel wood for smoking fish. Journal of Food and Health Science, 1 (1), 12–18.
[3]. Baral, S., Basnyat, B., Gauli, K., Paudel, A., Upadhyaya, R., Yajina, Timilsana, P. and Vacik, H. (2019). Factors affecting fuelwood consumption and Co2 Emissions: An Example form a Community-Managed Forest of Nepal, Energies, 12, 4492, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234492
[4]. Beger, A. L., Palik, B., D’Amato, A. W., Fraver, S., Bradford, J.B., Nislow, K., King, D. and Brooks, R. T. (2013). Ecological Impacts of Energy Wood Harvest; Lessons from Whole-Tree Harvesting and Natural Disturbance. Journal of Forestry 111(2), 139-153 https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.12-020
[5]. Boucher, Doug (2011). The Root of the Problem; What’s Driving Tropical Deforestation Today? Union of Concerned Scientist, Cambridge, MA, USA.
[6]. Chidumayo, E. N. and Gumbo, D. J. (2013). The environmental impacts of charcoal production in Tropical Ecosystems of the World: A Synthesis. Energy for Sustainable Development, 17 (2), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2012.07.004
[7]. Emeodilichi, H. Mba (2018). Assessment of charcoal production processes and the environmental impact in Kaduna Nigeria. Resources and Environment, 8(5), 223-231
[8]. Fuwape, J. A., Oyagade, A. O. and Egwunatum, A. E. (1999). Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) tannin as adhesive for wood-based products. Nigerian Journal of Forestry, 29 (1), 1-3.
[9]. Geissler, S. D., Hagauer, P. M., Alexander, H., Michael, K. and Peter, S. (2013). Biomass Energy Strategy Ethiopia. AMBERO Consulting Gesellschaft mbH Immanuel-Kant-Str. 41, 61476 Kronberg i. Ts.
[10]. Gurmessa, F. (2010). Floristic Composition and Structural Analysis of Komto Afromontane Rainforest, East Wollega Zone of Oromia Region, West Ethiopia (Doctoral dissertation, MSc. Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa).
[11]. Joel Hans, D. K. J. (2019). Potential Impact of Fish smoking on Mangrove resources in south west Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Conservation Science 2(12), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082919833300
[12]. Kombat, A. M. and Wätzold, F. (2019). The Emergence of Environmental taxes in Ghana public choice analysis. Environmental Policy Governance, 29, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1829
[13]. Larinde, S. L. and Olasupo, O. O. (2011). Socio-economic importance of fuel wood Production in Gambari Forest Reserve Area, Oyo State. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 11(1), 122-134.
[14]. Mekonnen, A, and Kohlin, G. (2009). Determinants of Household fuel choice in major cities in Ethiopia. “Working Papers in Economics”, 399pp. University of Gothenburg.
[15]. National Population Commission (2006). Census Results: Legal notice on the detail of breakdown of the national and State Provisional Totals. National Population Commission. Published by the Federal Government Printer, Lagos. Nigeria. FGP71/52007/2500 (OL24).
[16]. Naughton-Treves, L., Kammen, D. M. and Chapman, C. (2007). Burning Biodiversity: Woody Biomass use by Commercial and Subsistence Groups in Western Uganda’s Forest. Biological Conservation, 134(2), 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.020
[17]. Ndayambaje, J. D., Heijman, W. J. M. and Mohren, G. M. J. (2012). Household Determinants of tree planting on farms in rural Rwanda. Small-Scale Forestry, 11(4), 477–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-012-9196-0
[18]. Olugbire, O. O., Aremu, F. J., Opute, O. H., Ojedokun, C. A, Ajomide, A. A, Oguntonye, T. O. (2016). Contribution of fuel wood marketing to sustainable livelihood in Oyo state. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-economic Science, 3(51), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2016-03.05
[19]. Oluwabenga, O. I. and Orimoogunje, J. A. (2015). Fuel Wood Consumption and Species Degradation in South-Western Nigeria: The Ecological Relevance. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 8(1), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2015-0004
[20]. Polidoro, B. A., Carpenter, K. E., Collins, L., Duke, N. C., Elison, A. M., Elison, J. C. and Livingstone, S. R. (2010). The loss of species: Mangrove extinction risk and geographic areas of global concern. PLoS ONE 5(4). e100955. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010095
[21]. Strategic Programme for West Africa (SPWA) (2010). Working Draft for Niger Delta Biodiversity Project. UNDP/GEF for Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing and Urban Development, 150pp.
[22]. Tiega, A. and Quedraogo, P. (2012). Les forets de mangroves: Apercu de leurs services et de leur role de stabilisateur des zones cotieres fragiles [Mangrove forests: Overview of their services and their role in stabilizing fragile coastal areas]. Forum francophone preparatoire a Rio +20, Convention de Ramsar sur les Zones Humides, 28 rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland (Switzerland) fevrier 2012, 22P.
[23]. Tsietsi, J. P., Robert, H. and Edison, M. (2013). Emissions Analysis from combustion of eco-fuel briquettes for domestic applications. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 24(4), 30-36 https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i4a3143
[24]. Udo, E. S. (2016). Our Forests: Uses, Management and Abuses. The 51th Inaugural Lecture delivered in the University of Uyo. Thursday, November 24, 2016. Dorand Publishers 95pp.
[25]. UNEP (2011). Forests in a Green Economy: A Synthesis, United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) www.unep.org Accessed August 8, 2013.
[26]. UNFCCC (2005). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Created Monday, July 4, 2005.
[27]. Neufeldt, H., Sanchez Martinez, G., Olhoff, A., Knudsen, C. M. S., & Dorkenoo, K. E. J. (Eds.) (2018). The Adaptation Gap Report 2018. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya. United Nations Environment Programme
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