Int. J. Fores. Env. | Volume 07, Issue 02, 270-276 | https://doi.org/10.18801/ijfee.070223.31
Article type: Research article | Received: 14.01.23; Revised: 25.06.23; First published online: 30 December 2023.
Article type: Research article | Received: 14.01.23; Revised: 25.06.23; First published online: 30 December 2023.
Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations
Samiul Alim 1, Sabiha Sultana 2 and Chhoa Mondal 2
1 Nowabenki Gonomukhi Foundation, Shyamnagar, Satkhira, Bangladesh.
2 Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna Universality, Bangladesh-9208.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected] (Sultana, S).
1 Nowabenki Gonomukhi Foundation, Shyamnagar, Satkhira, Bangladesh.
2 Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna Universality, Bangladesh-9208.
✉ Corresponding author: [email protected] (Sultana, S).
Abstract
Bangladesh is the land of many indigenous herbal medicinal plants. These plants have the potential for antimicrobial activities because of having a wide variety of secondary metabolites. Extracts of leaves of four selected xeric plants were taken to evaluate the antifungal activities against plant pathogenic organisms considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations. Extracts of the selected xerophyte plants (Vacuellia nilotica, Calotropis gigantea, Ziziphus mauritiana and Cassia fistula) with different concentrations were found effective against tested three Phytopathogens like Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki. This experiment was conducted following CRD method with five replications. The inhibitory performances of xerophytes were higher at 25 % concentration against all tested Phytopathogens. Calotropis gigantea showed a significant (P<0.01) effect on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria padwicki at all concentrations, but there was no significant effect on Bipolaris oryzae. Cassia fistula showed a momentous effect on radial mycelial growth at all concentrations, but a maximum inhibitory effect was observed in Bipolaris oryzae at 25% concentration. The inhibitory performance of Ziziphus mauritiana and Vacellia nilotica was higher on Bipolaris sorokiniana than the other tested phytopathogens. The inhibition percentage was increased with the concentrations of different xerophytic leaf extracts.
Key Words: Antifungal Activities, Phytopathogens and Xerophytes.
Bangladesh is the land of many indigenous herbal medicinal plants. These plants have the potential for antimicrobial activities because of having a wide variety of secondary metabolites. Extracts of leaves of four selected xeric plants were taken to evaluate the antifungal activities against plant pathogenic organisms considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations. Extracts of the selected xerophyte plants (Vacuellia nilotica, Calotropis gigantea, Ziziphus mauritiana and Cassia fistula) with different concentrations were found effective against tested three Phytopathogens like Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki. This experiment was conducted following CRD method with five replications. The inhibitory performances of xerophytes were higher at 25 % concentration against all tested Phytopathogens. Calotropis gigantea showed a significant (P<0.01) effect on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria padwicki at all concentrations, but there was no significant effect on Bipolaris oryzae. Cassia fistula showed a momentous effect on radial mycelial growth at all concentrations, but a maximum inhibitory effect was observed in Bipolaris oryzae at 25% concentration. The inhibitory performance of Ziziphus mauritiana and Vacellia nilotica was higher on Bipolaris sorokiniana than the other tested phytopathogens. The inhibition percentage was increased with the concentrations of different xerophytic leaf extracts.
Key Words: Antifungal Activities, Phytopathogens and Xerophytes.
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I. Introduction
Bangladesh is the land of many indigenous herbal medicinal plants (Khan et al., 2006). These plants have the potential for antimicrobial activities because they have a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, etc. (Hassan and Khalid, 1992; Gupta et al., 2003). The easiest way to control plant diseases is by synthetic chemicals. Using synthetic chemicals to manage plant diseases undoubtedly increases crop protection but deteriorates environmental quality and human health (Cutler and Cutler, 1999). Pathogenic resistance to chemicals and increased infection rates are intense concerns that demand exploring potential alternative drugs from various sources, such as medicinal plants (Cordell, 2000; Shahid et al., 2008). Natural products obtained from higher plants may give a new source of antimicrobial agents with possibly novel mechanisms of action (Kirtikar and Basu, 1935; Matalawska et al., 2002). A large number of plants have been reported to possess toxic properties against fungal plant pathogens, which could be exploited commercially with practically no residual or toxic effect on the ecosystem (Kumar et al., 2008). Antifungal activity of leaf extract of Cassia fistula, Ziziphus mauritiana and Vachellia nilotica was reported by many researchers (Mazumder et al., 1998; Sartorelli et al., 2007). In order to investigate new sources of antimicrobial agents in the xeric plant of Calotropis gigantea, Cassia fistula, Ziziphus mauritiana, Vachellia nilotica have been selected. The present study evaluated the antifungal activities of four selected xeric plants against some selected Phytopathogens.
II. Materials and Methods
Leaves of xerophytic plants (Vacuellia nilotica, Calotropis gigantea, Ziziphus mauritiana and Cassia fistula) were collected from Khulna University campus (Table 01). The fungal isolates of Bipolaris oryzae, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria padwicki were collected from plant protection laboratory of Agrotechnology discipline, Khulna University, Khulna.
Table 01. List of xerophytic plant materials that were used in the experiment. (see in pdf)
Toxic chemicals have been found in xerophytic plants (Kumar et al. 2008). Different xerophytic plants were evaluated in vitro conditions following poison food technique (Dhingra and Sinclaier, 1985). Xerophytic leaf extracts were prepared following Masih et al. (2014) protocol (Table 01). Inoculation and incubation were done under aseptic conditions for observation of the growth of mycelium. The radial growth of mycelium in each plate was recorded after seven days of inoculation. Antifungal activity of Medicinal plant extract against plant pathogens by measuring radial mycelial growth and inhibition percentages
The inhibition percentages of radial mycelial growth over the control were calculated using the following formula (Vincent, 1947).
I=(C-T)/C×100
Where, I : Percent of inhibition; C : Average radial growth of tested fungi in control (PDA) petridishes; T : Average radial growth of tested fungi in xerophitic leaf extract in treated petridishes
The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five replications. The data were analyzed using statistical program STAR (statistical tools for agricultural research program, version-02, IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines) for comparing mean.
III. Results and Discussion
Evaluation of the efficacy of Calotropis gigantea against different phytopathogen
Calotropis gigantea showed a significant effect (P< 0.01) on radial mycelial growth of the tested phytopathogen such as Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (Table 02). In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Alternaria padwicki minimum mycelial growth was observed at 25% concentration (48.80 mm and
67.60 mm). Contrarily, Bipolaris oryzae was not significantly affected by Calotropis gigantea.
Table 02. Effect of Calotropis gigantea on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (see in pdf)
Figure 01. Functional relationship between concentration and mycelial growth inhibition of tested fungi against Calotropis gigantea at different concentrations (see in pdf)
Radial mycelial growth inhibition of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki against Calotropis gigantea at various concentrations were correlated functionally with different concentrations (Figure 01). These functional relationships showed that the increase in concentration could account for more than 88%, 49% and 90% of the change in mycelial inhibition percentage of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki.
Evaluation of the efficacy of Cassia fistula against different phytopathogen
Cassia fistula showed significant effect (P<0.01) on radial mycelial growth of the tested phytopathogen like Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (Table 03). In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Alternaria padwicki and Bipolaris oryzae minimum mycelial growth was observed at 25 % concentration (62 mm, 23.40 mm). Over Cassia fistula leaf extracts have a significant inhibition percentage against Bipolaris oryzae at 25% concentration.
Table 03. Effect of Cassia fistula on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (see in pdf)
Figure 02. Functional relationship between concentration and mycelial growth inhibition of tested fungi against Cassia fistula at different (see in pdf)
In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki, from regression equation (Figure 02) between different concentrations of Cassia fistula extracts and mycelial growth inhibition percentage revealed that more than 99%, 99% and 98%of the variation in inhibition percentage could be explained by the increase of concentration.
Evaluation of the efficacy of Ziziphus mauritiana against different Phytopathogen
Ziziphus mauritiana showed significant effect (P< 0.01) on radial mycelial growth of the tested phytopathogen like Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (Table 04). In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki, minimum mycelial growth was observed at 25 % concentration (15.40 mm, 26.40 mm and 23.80 mm).
Table 04. Effect of Ziziphus mauritiana on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (see in pdf)
Figure 03. Functional relationship between concentration and mycelial growth inhibition of tested fungi against Ziziphus mauritiana at different concentrations (see in pdf)
In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki from regression equation (Figure 03) between different concentrations of Ziziphus mauritiana extracts and mycelial growth inhibition percentage demonstrated that the increase in concentration may account for more than 80%, 87%, and 70% of the variation in the inhibition percentage.
Evaluation of the efficacy of Vacellia nilotica against different Phytopathogen
Vacellia nilotica exhibited a significant effect (P < 0.01) on radial mycelial growth of the tested phytopathogen like Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (Table 05). In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki, minimum mycelial growth was observed at 25 % concentration (38.60 mm, 60.40mm and 39.00 mm).
Table 05. Effect of Vacellia nilotica on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (see in pdf)
Figure 04. Functional relationship between concentration and mycelial growth inhibition of tested fungi against Vacellia nilotica at different concentrations (see in pdf)
In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki, from regression equation (Figure 04) between different concentrations of Vacellia nilotica extracts and mycelial growth inhibition percentages revealed that more than 90%, 88% and 93% of the variation in inhibition percentage could be explained by the increase of concentration.
IV. Discussion
The most potent xerophytic plant extracts at higher concentrations had an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth in vitro when tested against phytopathogens. The findings showed that these leaf extracts inhibit the development of phytopathogens. Zain et al. (2012) along with Khan and Manzoor Rashid (2006), observed a similar result. They found methanolic extracts in xeric plant extract. They also observed antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Sharma et al. (2015.) also conveyed that ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigentica significantly inhibited fungi at 20% concentration. Khan et al. (2009) reported that V. nilotica is more effective against multidrug-resistant fungus causing community-acquired infections. Considering the leaf extract of Cassia fistula, Nayan et al. (2011) found that Cassia fistula plays a significant role against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus clavatus and Candida albicans at 5, 25, 50, 100, 250 μg/ml concentrations. They found remarkable inhibition against the tested organisms. These findings agreed with the present result. Sarfaraz et al. (2002) also reported that Ziziphus spp has antifungal activity against Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Malassezia furfur. Similar findings were also found by Tapiwa et al. (2015). Khan (2011) reported that Ziziphus spina-christi biologically active against the two root rot pathogens Drechslera biseptata and Fusarium solani in vitro.
V. Conclusion
Calotropis gigantea has a higher inhibiting capacity against Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria padwicki at 25% concentration but has no significant inhibitory effect on Bipolaris oryzae. Cassia fistula and Vacellia nilotica have a higher inhibiting capacity at 25% concentration against Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki. Ziziphus mauritiana has an uncountable inhibitory effect on Bipolaris sorokiniana and Bipolaris oryzae at 25% concentration. Ziziphus mauritiana has no significant variation in radial mycelial growth of Alternaria padwicki at different concentrations. Colony characteristics like color, texture, margin and hyphal thickness of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki varied at different concentrations of xerophytic leaf extract.
Bangladesh is the land of many indigenous herbal medicinal plants (Khan et al., 2006). These plants have the potential for antimicrobial activities because they have a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, etc. (Hassan and Khalid, 1992; Gupta et al., 2003). The easiest way to control plant diseases is by synthetic chemicals. Using synthetic chemicals to manage plant diseases undoubtedly increases crop protection but deteriorates environmental quality and human health (Cutler and Cutler, 1999). Pathogenic resistance to chemicals and increased infection rates are intense concerns that demand exploring potential alternative drugs from various sources, such as medicinal plants (Cordell, 2000; Shahid et al., 2008). Natural products obtained from higher plants may give a new source of antimicrobial agents with possibly novel mechanisms of action (Kirtikar and Basu, 1935; Matalawska et al., 2002). A large number of plants have been reported to possess toxic properties against fungal plant pathogens, which could be exploited commercially with practically no residual or toxic effect on the ecosystem (Kumar et al., 2008). Antifungal activity of leaf extract of Cassia fistula, Ziziphus mauritiana and Vachellia nilotica was reported by many researchers (Mazumder et al., 1998; Sartorelli et al., 2007). In order to investigate new sources of antimicrobial agents in the xeric plant of Calotropis gigantea, Cassia fistula, Ziziphus mauritiana, Vachellia nilotica have been selected. The present study evaluated the antifungal activities of four selected xeric plants against some selected Phytopathogens.
II. Materials and Methods
Leaves of xerophytic plants (Vacuellia nilotica, Calotropis gigantea, Ziziphus mauritiana and Cassia fistula) were collected from Khulna University campus (Table 01). The fungal isolates of Bipolaris oryzae, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria padwicki were collected from plant protection laboratory of Agrotechnology discipline, Khulna University, Khulna.
Table 01. List of xerophytic plant materials that were used in the experiment. (see in pdf)
Toxic chemicals have been found in xerophytic plants (Kumar et al. 2008). Different xerophytic plants were evaluated in vitro conditions following poison food technique (Dhingra and Sinclaier, 1985). Xerophytic leaf extracts were prepared following Masih et al. (2014) protocol (Table 01). Inoculation and incubation were done under aseptic conditions for observation of the growth of mycelium. The radial growth of mycelium in each plate was recorded after seven days of inoculation. Antifungal activity of Medicinal plant extract against plant pathogens by measuring radial mycelial growth and inhibition percentages
The inhibition percentages of radial mycelial growth over the control were calculated using the following formula (Vincent, 1947).
I=(C-T)/C×100
Where, I : Percent of inhibition; C : Average radial growth of tested fungi in control (PDA) petridishes; T : Average radial growth of tested fungi in xerophitic leaf extract in treated petridishes
The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five replications. The data were analyzed using statistical program STAR (statistical tools for agricultural research program, version-02, IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines) for comparing mean.
III. Results and Discussion
Evaluation of the efficacy of Calotropis gigantea against different phytopathogen
Calotropis gigantea showed a significant effect (P< 0.01) on radial mycelial growth of the tested phytopathogen such as Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (Table 02). In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Alternaria padwicki minimum mycelial growth was observed at 25% concentration (48.80 mm and
67.60 mm). Contrarily, Bipolaris oryzae was not significantly affected by Calotropis gigantea.
Table 02. Effect of Calotropis gigantea on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (see in pdf)
Figure 01. Functional relationship between concentration and mycelial growth inhibition of tested fungi against Calotropis gigantea at different concentrations (see in pdf)
Radial mycelial growth inhibition of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki against Calotropis gigantea at various concentrations were correlated functionally with different concentrations (Figure 01). These functional relationships showed that the increase in concentration could account for more than 88%, 49% and 90% of the change in mycelial inhibition percentage of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki.
Evaluation of the efficacy of Cassia fistula against different phytopathogen
Cassia fistula showed significant effect (P<0.01) on radial mycelial growth of the tested phytopathogen like Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (Table 03). In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Alternaria padwicki and Bipolaris oryzae minimum mycelial growth was observed at 25 % concentration (62 mm, 23.40 mm). Over Cassia fistula leaf extracts have a significant inhibition percentage against Bipolaris oryzae at 25% concentration.
Table 03. Effect of Cassia fistula on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (see in pdf)
Figure 02. Functional relationship between concentration and mycelial growth inhibition of tested fungi against Cassia fistula at different (see in pdf)
In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki, from regression equation (Figure 02) between different concentrations of Cassia fistula extracts and mycelial growth inhibition percentage revealed that more than 99%, 99% and 98%of the variation in inhibition percentage could be explained by the increase of concentration.
Evaluation of the efficacy of Ziziphus mauritiana against different Phytopathogen
Ziziphus mauritiana showed significant effect (P< 0.01) on radial mycelial growth of the tested phytopathogen like Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (Table 04). In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki, minimum mycelial growth was observed at 25 % concentration (15.40 mm, 26.40 mm and 23.80 mm).
Table 04. Effect of Ziziphus mauritiana on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (see in pdf)
Figure 03. Functional relationship between concentration and mycelial growth inhibition of tested fungi against Ziziphus mauritiana at different concentrations (see in pdf)
In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki from regression equation (Figure 03) between different concentrations of Ziziphus mauritiana extracts and mycelial growth inhibition percentage demonstrated that the increase in concentration may account for more than 80%, 87%, and 70% of the variation in the inhibition percentage.
Evaluation of the efficacy of Vacellia nilotica against different Phytopathogen
Vacellia nilotica exhibited a significant effect (P < 0.01) on radial mycelial growth of the tested phytopathogen like Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (Table 05). In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki, minimum mycelial growth was observed at 25 % concentration (38.60 mm, 60.40mm and 39.00 mm).
Table 05. Effect of Vacellia nilotica on radial mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki (see in pdf)
Figure 04. Functional relationship between concentration and mycelial growth inhibition of tested fungi against Vacellia nilotica at different concentrations (see in pdf)
In the case of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki, from regression equation (Figure 04) between different concentrations of Vacellia nilotica extracts and mycelial growth inhibition percentages revealed that more than 90%, 88% and 93% of the variation in inhibition percentage could be explained by the increase of concentration.
IV. Discussion
The most potent xerophytic plant extracts at higher concentrations had an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth in vitro when tested against phytopathogens. The findings showed that these leaf extracts inhibit the development of phytopathogens. Zain et al. (2012) along with Khan and Manzoor Rashid (2006), observed a similar result. They found methanolic extracts in xeric plant extract. They also observed antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Sharma et al. (2015.) also conveyed that ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigentica significantly inhibited fungi at 20% concentration. Khan et al. (2009) reported that V. nilotica is more effective against multidrug-resistant fungus causing community-acquired infections. Considering the leaf extract of Cassia fistula, Nayan et al. (2011) found that Cassia fistula plays a significant role against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus clavatus and Candida albicans at 5, 25, 50, 100, 250 μg/ml concentrations. They found remarkable inhibition against the tested organisms. These findings agreed with the present result. Sarfaraz et al. (2002) also reported that Ziziphus spp has antifungal activity against Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Malassezia furfur. Similar findings were also found by Tapiwa et al. (2015). Khan (2011) reported that Ziziphus spina-christi biologically active against the two root rot pathogens Drechslera biseptata and Fusarium solani in vitro.
V. Conclusion
Calotropis gigantea has a higher inhibiting capacity against Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria padwicki at 25% concentration but has no significant inhibitory effect on Bipolaris oryzae. Cassia fistula and Vacellia nilotica have a higher inhibiting capacity at 25% concentration against Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki. Ziziphus mauritiana has an uncountable inhibitory effect on Bipolaris sorokiniana and Bipolaris oryzae at 25% concentration. Ziziphus mauritiana has no significant variation in radial mycelial growth of Alternaria padwicki at different concentrations. Colony characteristics like color, texture, margin and hyphal thickness of Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwicki varied at different concentrations of xerophytic leaf extract.
Article Citations:
MLA
Alim, S. et al. “Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations”. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 07(01) (2023): 270-276.
APA
Alim, S., Sultana, S. and Mondal, C. (2023). Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment, 07(01), 270-276.
Chicago
Alim, S., Sultana, S. and Mondal, C. “Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations”. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 07(01) (2023): 270-276.
Harvard
Alim, S., Sultana, S. and Mondal, C. 2023. Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment, 07(01), pp. 270-276.
Vancouver
Alim, S, Sultana, S and Mondal, C. Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment. 2023 December, 07(01): 270-276.
Alim, S. et al. “Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations”. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 07(01) (2023): 270-276.
APA
Alim, S., Sultana, S. and Mondal, C. (2023). Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment, 07(01), 270-276.
Chicago
Alim, S., Sultana, S. and Mondal, C. “Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations”. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 07(01) (2023): 270-276.
Harvard
Alim, S., Sultana, S. and Mondal, C. 2023. Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment, 07(01), pp. 270-276.
Vancouver
Alim, S, Sultana, S and Mondal, C. Evaluation of antifungal activities of Xerophytes against plant pathogenic fungi considering their radial mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations. International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment. 2023 December, 07(01): 270-276.
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[22]. Zain, M. E., Awaad, A. S., Al-Quthman, M. R. and El-Meligy, R. M. (2012). Antimicrobial Activities of Saudi Arabian Desert Plants. Phytophath. 2(1), 106-113.
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